В настоящем учебном пособии рассмотрены вопросы, связанные с изменением климата и развитием городов. Учебное пособие состоит из четырех частей, каждая из которых представляет собой теоретический материал и современные наработки по существующим технологическим решениям с примерами использования таких технологий. Учебное пособие разработано для студентов, обучающихся по курсам «Развитие городов и изменение климата» и «Спецкурс по строительным материалам», направлений обучения 08.04.01_23 «Инженерная защита окружающей среды» и 08.04.01_12 «Городское строительство и хозяйство». Пособие также может быть использовано аспирантами и научными сотрудниками.

This textbook will provide a set of questions and answers on the topics, related to connection between climate change and urban development. The textbook consists from four chapters; each of them will provide theoretical information and share existing technological solutions with case studies. The textbook is intended for students studying the courses “Urban development and climate change” and “Advanced building materials”, which is included in the curricula for the educational programs 08.04.01_23 “Environmental Engineering in Urban Construction” and 08.04.01_12 “Civil Engineering”.

• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
• INTRODUCTION
• 1. CLIMATE CHANGE: PRINCIPLES, TRENDS ANDSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• 1.1. Climate and climate change
• 1.2. Reasons of climate change: natural
• 1.2.1. Solar energy and solar radiance
• 1.2.2. Orbit around the sun and fluctuations in solar insolation
• 1.2.3. Natural greenhouse effect
• 1.2.4. Volcanic activity
• 1.2.5. Albedo
• 1.2.6. Affect the ocean on climate
• 1.2.7. Heat exchange between the atmosphere and the oceans
• 1.3. Reasons of climate change: anthropogenic
• 1.3.1. Atmosphere gas composition and greenhouse effect
• 1.3.2. Albedo of artificial surfaces
• 1.3.3. Air pollution
• 1.3.4. Deforestation
• 1.3.5. Desertification
• 1.4. Indicators of climate change
• 1.4.1. Global temperature changes
• 1.4.2. Sea level change
• 1.4.3. Glacier volume
• 1.4.4. Snow cover
• 1.4.5. Precipitation
• 1.4.6. Humidity
• 1.5. International documents
• 1.5.1. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
• 1.5.2. Paris agreement
• 1.5.3. Montreal Protocol
• Questions for self-control
• References for Chapter 1
• 2. URBANIZATION MEETS CLIMATE CHANGE
• 2.1. Urban development
• 2.1.1. Urbanization milestones
• 2.1.2. First settlements and cities: conditions and reasons to be formed
• 2.1.3. Middle Ages
• 2.1.4. Industrial revolution
• 2.1.5. Second half of XX- beginning XXI centuries
• 2.1.6. World City Population 2020
• 2.1.7. Urbanization trends and the environment in XXI century
• 2.2. Urbanization and climate
• 2.2.1. Impact urbanization on climate
• 2.2.2. Urban climate
• 2.3. Urban heat island
• 2.3.1. Factors of the UHI formation
• 2.3.2. Anthropogenic factors and the UHI
• 2.3.3. Climate and the UHI
• 2.3.4. Urban energy balance
• 2.3.5. The UHI and climate change
• 2.3.6. The UHI and heat stress mitigation technologies
• 2.4. Urbanization and precipitation
• 2.4.1. Impact the UHI on urban rainfall effect
• 2.4.2. Impact urban roughness on urban rainfall effect
• 2.4.3. Impact higher aerosol concentration on urban rainfall effect
• 2.4.4. Synergetic role of urban-induced factors on precipitations
• 2.5. Urban vegetation, urban green and blue spaces and greeninfrastructure
• 2.5.1. Main features of green spaces
• 2.5.2. Green and blue spaces and infrastructure
• 2.5.3. Climate change effects on urban green spaces
• 2.6. Concept of climate change adaptation for urban areas
• Questions for self-control
• References for Chapter 2
• 3. CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS FOR A CITYOF THE FUTURE
• 3.1. The importance of developing new types of materials:from reinforced concrete to composites
• 3.2. Types of prospective building materials for sustainable urbandevelopment
• 3.3. Fiber-reinforced concrete
• 3.3.1. Geometric characteristics of fibers
• 3.3.2. Metallic fibers
• 3.3.3. Inorganic fibers
• 3.3.4. Polymer fibers
• 3.3.5. Natural fibers
• 3.3.6. FRC Properties
• 3.4. Textile reinforced concrete
• 3.4.1. Structure
• 3.4.2 Application areas and properties of TRC
• 3.5. High-strength textiles and composites for the restoration andreinforcement of reinforced concrete structures
• 3.6. Geosynthetics
• 3.6.1. Classification
• 3.6.2. Basic types of geosynthetics
• 3.6.3. Functions of geosynthetics
• 3.6.4. Application areas of geosynthetics
• 3.7. Structural Health Monitoring
• References for Chapter 3
• 4. DREDGING AGAINST GLOBAL WARMING
• 4.1. Prospects for urban development in reclaimed coastal areas andartificial islands
• 4.1.1. Middle East
• 4.1.2. St.Petersburg
• 4.1.3. Western Hemisphere
• 4.2. Protection of urban coasts
• 4.2.1. Vulnerability and sensitivity of urban coasts
• 4.2.2. Global warming and sea level rise lead to greater hazards
• 4.2.3. Response options
• 4.2.4. Options for coastal protection
• 4.2.5. Hard structural/engineering options
• 4.2.6. Soft structural/engineering options
• 4.2.7. Combinations of options
• 4.2.8. Case study: Jakarta, Indonesia
• 4.3. Control of floods
• 4.3.1. Causes of flood in the urban area
• 4.3.2. Recent catastrophes
• 4.3.3. Types of flooding and their effects
• 4.3.4. Negative effects of floods
• 4.3.5. Benefits of floods
• 4.3.6. Methods of flood control and management
• 4.3.7. Using the dredging technologies
• 4.3.8. Case study: Saint Petersburg, Russia
• References for Chapter 4
• GLOSSARY