""Diagnostic Pediatric Ultrasound is a complete "go-to" reference for daily practice. It clearly shows why ultrasound is the pediatric imaging modality of first choice, offering safe, noninvasive, high-quality results, leading to an accurate diagnosis. It provides a wide range of normal reference images for comparison with pathologic findings. This book contains instructive ultrasound videos available on Thieme Media Center showing diagnoses.""--Provided by publisher.

• Diagnostic Pediatric Ultrasound
• Media Center Information
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• Video Contents
• Foreword
• Preface
• Contributors
• Abbreviations
• 1 Examining the Child and Creating a Child-Friendly Environment
  • 1.1 Child-Friendly Staff
  • 1.2 Appointment
  • 1.3 Appointment Letter
  • 1.4 Waiting Area
  • 1.5 Examination Room
  • 1.6 Examination
  • 1.7 How to Scan: Tips and Tricks
  • 1.8 Private Room
  • 1.9 Communicating the Results
  • Recommended Readings
• 2 Physics and Artifacts
  • 2.1 Basic Principles of Ultrasound
    • 2.1.1 UltrasonicWaves
    • 2.1.2 Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media
    • 2.1.3 Wave Propagation in Inhomogeneous Media
    • 2.1.4 Doppler Echo
  • 2.2 Echoscopic Image Construction
    • 2.2.1 Amplitude Mode
    • 2.2.2 Brightness Mode
    • 2.2.3 Motion Mode
    • 2.2.4 Color Doppler
    • 2.2.5 Power Doppler
  • 2.3 Transducers
    • 2.3.1 Types of Transducers
  • 2.4 Resolution
    • 2.4.1 Axial Resolution
    • 2.4.2 Lateral Resolution
    • 2.4.3 Elevational Resolution
  • 2.5 Artifacts in Sonography
    • 2.5.1 Artifacts in 2D Ultrasound
    • 2.5.2 Artifacts in Doppler Ultrasound
  • 2.6 Advances in Echoscopic Image Construction
    • 2.6.1 Compound Imaging
    • 2.6.2 Harmonic Imaging
    • 2.6.3 Elastography
  • 2.7 Biological Effects and Safety
• 3 Neonatal Cranial Ultrasonography
  • 3.1 Ultrasound Anatomy of the Neonatal Brain
  • 3.2 Maturational Changes and Distinction between Physiologic and Pathologic Echogenic Areas in the Neonatal Brain
    • 3.2.1 White Matter
    • 3.2.2 Deep Gray Matter
  • 3.3 Timing of Examinations
  • 3.4 Measurements
    • 3.4.1 Ventricular Measurements
    • 3.4.2 Measurements of Cerebral Structures
  • 3.5 Preterm Infants: Pathology
    • 3.5.1 Germinal Matrix–Intraventricular Hemorrhage
    • 3.5.2 Post-hemorrhagic Ventricular Dilatation
    • 3.5.3 White Matter Injury
    • 3.5.4 Focal Infarction
  • 3.6 Term Infants
    • 3.6.1 Pathology
    • 3.6.2 Congenital Abnormalities
  • Recommended Readings
• 4 Spine
  • 4.1 Embryology
    • 4.1.1 Ascensus Medullaris
  • 4.2 Technique of Spinal Ultrasound
  • 4.3 Normal Sonographic Anatomy
    • 4.3.1 Normal Variants
  • 4.4 Pathology
    • 4.4.1 Non–Skin-Covered Back Masses: Open Lesions
    • 4.4.2 Skin-Covered Back Masses: Closed Lesions
    • 4.4.3 Occult/Closed Lesions without a Mass
    • 4.4.4 Sacral Dimple
  • Recommended Readings
• 5 Neck
  • 5.1 Normal Anatomy and Variants
  • 5.2 Pathology
    • 5.2.1 Vessels of the Neck
    • 5.2.2 Cystic Lesions
    • 5.2.3 Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations
    • 5.2.4 Pilomatrixoma
    • 5.2.5 Solid Tumors
    • 5.2.6 Thyroid Gland
    • 5.2.7 Salivary Glands
    • 5.2.8 Thymus
    • 5.2.9 Miscellaneous Lesions
  • Recommended Readings
• 6 Mediastinum
  • 6.1 Normal Anatomy and Variants
    • 6.1.1 Thymus
    • 6.1.2 Trachea
    • 6.1.3 Esophagus
    • 6.1.4 Heart and Great Vessels
  • 6.2 Pathology
    • 6.2.1 Thymus
    • 6.2.2 Trachea
    • 6.2.3 Esophagus
    • 6.2.4 Congenital Vascular Anomalies
    • 6.2.5 Mediastinal Masses
  • 6.3 Mediastinal Ultrasound in Intensive Care: Complications Associated with Central Venous Access
  • Recommended Readings
• 7 Pleura and Thorax
  • 7.1 Indications for Ultrasonography
  • 7.2 Anatomy and Normal Variants
    • 7.2.1 ThoracicWall
    • 7.2.2 Pleura
    • 7.2.3 Lungs
    • 7.2.4 Breast
    • 7.2.5 Diaphragm
  • 7.3 Pathology
    • 7.3.1 ChestWall
    • 7.3.2 Pleural Space
    • 7.3.3 Lungs
    • 7.3.4 Breast
    • 7.3.5 Diaphragm
  • Recommended Readings
• 8 Peritoneal Cavity and Retroperitoneal Space
  • 8.1 Normal Anatomy
  • 8.2 Pathology
    • 8.2.1 Abdominal Vessels
    • 8.2.2 Lymphadenopathy
    • 8.2.3 Intraperitoneal Fluid Collections
    • 8.2.4 Peritonitis
    • 8.2.5 Pneumoperitoneum
    • 8.2.6 Peritoneal Tumors
    • 8.2.7 Retroperitoneal Tumors
    • 8.2.8 Cystic Congenital Anomalies
  • Recommended Readings
• 9 Liver and Biliary System
  • 9.1 Normal Anatomy and Variants
  • 9.2 Normal Measurements
    • 9.2.1 Portal Venous Flow
    • 9.2.2 Hepatic Arterial Flow
    • 9.2.3 Hepatic Venous Flow
  • 9.3 Pathology
    • 9.3.1 Congenital Anomalies
    • 9.3.2 Infection
    • 9.3.3 Acquired Biliary Pathology
    • 9.3.4 Trauma
    • 9.3.5 Tumors
    • 9.3.6 Pneumobilia
    • 9.3.7 Miscellaneous Conditions
  • Recommended Readings
• 10 Spleen
  • 10.1 Normal Anatomy and Variants
    • 10.1.1 Embryology
    • 10.1.2 Anatomical Considerations
    • 10.1.3 Technique and Normal Ultrasound Appearances
    • 10.1.4 Echogenicity and Changes in Echogenicitywith Age
    • 10.1.5 Vascularity
    • 10.1.6 Normal Variants
    • 10.1.7 Normal Splenic Size
  • 10.2 Pathology
    • 10.2.1 Abnormalities of Location and Number
    • 10.2.2 Abnormalities of Size
    • 10.2.3 Traumatic Injury of the Spleen
  • 10.3 Acknowledgements
  • Recommended Readings
• 11 Pediatric Intestinal Ultrasonography
  • 11.1 Esophagus
  • 11.2 Gastroesophageal Junction
  • 11.3 Stomach
  • 11.4 Small Bowel
  • 11.5 Appendix
  • 11.6 Large Bowel
    • 11.6.1 Other Causes of Colitis
  • 11.7 Rectum
  • 11.8 Anus
  • 11.9 Neonatal Bowel Obstruction
  • 11.10 Conclusion
  • Recommended Readings
• 12 Pancreas
  • 12.1 Examination Technique
  • 12.2 Normal Anatomy, Variants, and Pseudo-lesions
  • 12.3 Pathology
    • 12.3.1 Developmental Anomalies
    • 12.3.2 Pancreatitis
    • 12.3.3 Inherited Disorders
    • 12.3.4 Neoplasms
    • 12.3.5 Cystic Masses
  • Recommended Readings
• 13 Kidneys
  • 13.1 Normal Anatomy and Variants
    • 13.1.1 Kidneys
    • 13.1.2 Ureters
    • 13.1.3 Bladder
  • 13.2 Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and the Urinary Tract
    • 13.2.1 Renal Hypodysplasia
    • 13.2.2 Ureteropelvic Junction Stenosis
    • 13.2.3 Ureterovesical Junction Stenosis
    • 13.2.4 Ureterovesical Reflux
    • 13.2.5 Duplicate Collecting System
    • 13.2.6 Horseshoe Kidney
  • 13.3 Urolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis
  • 13.4 Kidney Cysts and Cystic Nephropathies
  • 13.5 Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
    • 13.5.1 Autosomal-Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
    • 13.5.2 Nephronophthisis
    • 13.5.3 Glomerulocystic Disease
    • 13.5.4 Medullary Sponge Kidney Disease
    • 13.5.5 Multicystic Kidney Disease
    • 13.5.6 Simple Cysts
    • 13.5.7 Complicated Cysts
  • 13.6 Renal Tumors
    • 13.6.1 Malignant Tumors
    • 13.6.2 Benign Tumors
  • 13.7 Urinary Tract Infection
  • 13.8 Renovascular Disease
    • 13.8.1 Renal Artery Stenosis
    • 13.8.2 Renal Vein Thrombosis
  • 13.9 Parenchymal Nephropathy
    • 13.9.1 Glomerular Nephropathies
    • 13.9.2 Tubular Nephropathies
    • 13.9.3 Interstitial Nephropathies
    • 13.9.4 Vascular Nephropathies
  • 13.10 Renal Trauma
    • 13.10.1 Renal Trauma Grading
  • 13.11 Pediatric Renal Transplantation
    • 13.11.1 Early Postoperative Assessment
    • 13.11.2 Differential Diagnosis of Early Graft Dysfunction
    • 13.11.3 Differential Diagnosis of Long-Term Graft Dysfunction and Imaging Aspects
  • 13.12 Bladder and Urethra
    • 13.12.1 Congenital Bladder Anomalies
    • 13.12.2 Urethral Anomalies
    • 13.12.3 Utricle
    • 13.12.4 Urachal Anomalies
    • 13.12.5 Calculi
    • 13.12.6 Infection
    • 13.12.7 Neoplasm
  • 13.13 Contrast-Enhanced Cystosonography
  • Recommended Readings
• 14 Adrenal Glands
  • 14.1 Embryology of the Adrenal Glands
  • 14.2 Normal Anatomy
  • 14.3 Normal Sonographic Appearance
  • 14.4 Normal Variants
  • 14.5 Pathology
    • 14.5.1 Neonatal Adrenal Hemorrhage
    • 14.5.2 Adrenal Hemorrhage in the Older Child
    • 14.5.3 Adrenal Cysts
    • 14.5.4 Adrenal Abscesses
    • 14.5.5 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
    • 14.5.6 Adrenal Hyperplasia in Older Patients
    • 14.5.7 Adrenal Hypoplasia
    • 14.5.8 Medullary Tumors: Neurogenic Tumors
    • 14.5.9 Medullary Tumors: Pheochromocytoma
    • 14.5.10 Adrenal Cortical Tumors
    • 14.5.11 Other Adrenal Tumors
    • 14.5.12 Miscellaneous Adrenal Masses
    • 14.5.13 Wolman Disease
  • Recommended Readings
• 15 Sonography of the Female Genital Tract
  • 15.1 Normal Anatomy and Variants
    • 15.1.1 Normal Measurements
  • 15.2 Pathology
    • 15.2.1 Congenital Anomalies
    • 15.2.2 Cloacal Malformation
    • 15.2.3 Ovarian Tumors
    • 15.2.4 Ovarian Torsion
    • 15.2.5 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
    • 15.2.6 Amenorrhea
    • 15.2.7 Pubertas Praecox
  • Recommended Readings
• 16 Male Genital Tract
  • 16.1 Technique of Scrotal Ultrasound and Normal Ultrasound Anatomy
  • 16.2 Hydrocele and Indirect Inguinal Hernia
    • 16.2.1 Hydrocele
    • 16.2.2 Indirect Inguinal Hernia
  • 16.3 Scrotal Tumors
    • 16.3.1 Testicular Tumors
    • 16.3.2 Secondary Tumors of the Testes
    • 16.3.3 Extratesticular Tumors and Masses
  • 16.4 Testicular Torsion
    • 16.4.1 Intravaginal Testicular Torsion
    • 16.4.2 Extravaginal Testicular Torsion
    • 16.4.3 Torsion of the Appendix Testis
  • 16.5 Epididymitis and Epididymo-orchitis
  • 16.6 Idiopathic Scrotal Edema
  • 16.7 Testicular Trauma
  • 16.8 Cystic Transformation of the Rete Testis (Tubular Ectasia)
  • 16.9 Epididymal Cyst
  • 16.10 Varicocele
  • 16.11 Bilobed Testicle and Polyorchidism
  • 16.12 Undescended Testicle and Retractile Testicle
  • Recommended Readings
• 17 Musculoskeletal Ultrasound
  • 17.1 Pediatric Hip
    • 17.1.1 Normal Development of the Hip
    • 17.1.2 Ultrasound Examination for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
  • 17.2 Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System in the Older Child
    • 17.2.1 Arthritis
    • 17.2.2 Soft-Tissue Masses: Lumps and Bumps
  • Recommended Readings
• 18 Ultrasound-Guided Interventional Procedures: Biopsy and Drainage
  • 18.1 Biopsy
    • 18.1.1 Techniques and Equipment
    • 18.1.2 Tumor Biopsy
    • 18.1.3 Nontumor Biopsy
  • 18.2 Drainage Techniques and Equipment
  • Recommended Readings
• Index