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Аннотация
Humanity faces the looming challenge of feeding more people, with less labour and resources. Early adoption of biological and physical technologies has allowed agriculturalists to stay a step ahead of this challenge. This book provides a glimpse of what is possible and encourages engineers and agriculturalists to explore how radio-frequency and microwave systems might further enhance the agricultural industry.
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Место доступа | Группа пользователей | Действие | ||||
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Локальная сеть ИБК СПбПУ | Все | |||||
Интернет | Авторизованные пользователи СПбПУ | |||||
Интернет | Анонимные пользователи |
Оглавление
- Contents
- Preface
- Introduction
- 2 Some Brief Examples of Technical Innovation in Agricultural Industries
- 2.1 Machines
- 2.2 Early Innovations in Agriculture
- 2.3 Transportation Technologies
- 2.4 The Tractor
- 2.5 The Green Revolution
- 2.6 High Resolution Production Systems
- 2.7 Spatial Data
- 2.8 Temporal Data
- 2.9 Conclusions
- References
- 3 A Brief Overview of Radio Frequency and Microwave Applications in Agriculture
- 3.1 Heating Applications
- 3.1.1 Crop Drying
- 3.1.2 Quarantine
- 3.1.3 Effect of Microwave Heating on Seeds and Plants
- 3.1.4 Microwave Treatment of Animal Fodder
- 3.1.5 Microwave Assisted Extraction
- 3.1.6 Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis and Bio-fuel Extraction
- 3.2 Sensor Applications
- 3.2.1 Assessment of Wood
- 3.2.2 Radar Systems
- 3.3 Communication Systems
- 3.4 Conclusion
- References
- 4 Microwaves and their Interactions with Materials
- 4.1 Electric and Magnetic Field Vectors
- 4.2 Maxwell’s Equations for Electro-magnetism
- 4.3 Magnetic Vector Potential
- 4.4 Continuity
- 4.5 Conservation of Electromagnetic Energy
- 4.6 Boundary Conditions
- 4.7 Wave Impedance
- 4.8 Reflection and Transmission at an Interface
- 4.9 Electromagnetic Behaviour of Materials
- 4.10 Conclusions
- References
- 5 Section Introduction
- References
- 6 Techniques for Measuring Dielectric Properties
- 6.1 Dielectric Properties
- 6.2 Polarization
- 6.2.1 DIPOLAR POLARIZATION
- 6.2.2 IONIC POLARIZATION
- 6.2.3 ELECTRONIC AND ATOMIC POLARIZATION
- 6.2.4 INTERFACIAL OR SPACE CHARGE POLARIZATION
- 6.2.5 DIELECTRIC LOSS
- 6.2.6 RELAXATION TIME
- 6.3 Cole-Cole diagram
- 6.3.1 Bode’ plots and Nyquist Plots
- 6.4 Microwave Measurement Methods
- 6.4.1 Transmission/Reflection Line Method
- 6.4.2 Resonant Technique
- 6.4.3 Dielectric Resonator
- 6.4.4 Dielectric Post Resonato
- 6.4.5 Whispering Gallery Mode Resonator
- 6.4.6 Open-ended co-axial probe method
- 6.4.7 Dielectric Probe (Coaxial probe)
- 6.4.8 Free Space Method
- 6.4.9 Antenna
- 6.4.10 Near-field Microwave Probe
- 6.4.11 Reentrant Cavity
- 6.4.12 Fabry-Perot Resonator
- 6.5 Conclusions
- References
- 7 Dielectric Properties of Organic Materials
- 7.1 Frequency Dependency of Dielectric Properties
- 7.2 Temperature Dependence of the Dielectric Properties
- 7.3 Density and Field Orientation Dependence of Dielectric Properties
- 7.4 Dielectric Modelling of Organic Materials
- 7.4.1 Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Free Water
- 7.4.2 Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Bound Water
- 7.4.3 Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Moist Wood
- 7.4.4 Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Grains
- 7.4.5 Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Soils
- 7.4.6 Dielectric Properties of Insects
- 7.5 Conclusions
- References
- 8 Insect and Decay Detection
- 8.1 Radar Entomology
- 8.1.1 Antennas
- 8.1.2 Rectangular Apertures
- 8.1.3 Open Ended Wave-Guide
- 8.1.4 Horn Antennas
- 8.1.5 Circular Apertures
- 8.1.6 Antenna Gain
- 8.1.7 Radar Range
- 8.1.8 Radar Cross Section
- 8.1.9 Close Range Radar
- 8.1.10 Motion Detection - Doppler Shift
- 8.2 Free-Space Microwave Systems
- 8.2.1 Decay Detection
- 8.3 Conclusions
- References
- 9 Moisture Monitoring
- 9.1 Free-Space Moisture Detection
- 9.1.1 Practical Applications
- 9.2 Microwave Emissions as a Measure of Moisture
- 9.3 Radar Moisture Measurement
- References
- 10 Radar Imaging
- 10.1 Radar Imaging
- 10.2 Image Distortion
- 10.3 Target Interaction and Image Appearance
- 10.4 Airborne versus Space-borne Radar
- 10.5 Ground Penetrating Radar
- References
- 11 Electromagnetic Survey Techniques
- 11.1 Electromagnetic Induction
- 11.1.1 EM31
- 11.1.2 EM34
- 11.1.3 EM39
- 11.1.4 EM38
- 11.2 Global Positioning System
- 11.2.1 Principles of GPS Operation
- 11.2.2 Step 1: Triangulating from Satellites
- 11.2.3 Step 2: Measuring distance from a satellite
- 11.2.4 Step 3: Getting perfect timing
- 11.2.5 Step 4: Knowing where a satellite is in space
- 11.2.6 Step 5: Correcting errors
- 11.2.7 Differential GPS
- 11.3 Geographic Information Systems
- 11.3.1 Integratio
- 11.3.2 Limitations
- References
- 12 Section Introduction
- References
- 13 Dielectric Heating
- 13.1 Conductive Heat Transfe
- 13.2 Convective Heating
- 13.3 Radiative Heat Transfer
- 13.4 Microwave Heating
- 13.5 Microwave Frequency and its Influence over Microwave Heating
- 13.6 The Influence of Material Geometry on Microwave Heating
- 13.7 Comparative Efficiency of Convective and Microwave Heating
- 13.8 Thermal Runaway
- 13.9 Examples of Using Thermal Runaway to Great Advantage
- 13.10 Conclusion
- Nomenclature
- References
- 14 Simultaneous Heat and Moisture Movement
- 14.1 Temperature Sensing in Electromagnetic Fields
- References
- 15 Microwave Drying
- 15.1 Microwave Drying of Crop Fodder
- 15.2 Modelling Microwave Drying
- 15.3 Effect of Microwave Drying on Milling Properties
- References
- 16 Radio Frequency and Microwave Processing of Food
- 16.1 Dielectric Properties of Foods
- 16.2 Comparative Efficiency of Convective and Microwave Heating
- References
- 17 Microwave Applicators
- 17.1 Wave-Guides
- 17.2 Waveguide Modes
- 17.3 Other Wave-guide Modes
- 17.4 Transverse Magnetic Modes
- 17.5 Wave-guide Cut-off Conditions
- 17.6 Wavelength in a Wave-guide
- 17.7 Wave Impedance in a Wave-guide
- 17.8 Power Flow along a Wave-guide Propagating in TE10 Mode
- 17.9 Cylindrical Wave Guides
- 17.10 Microwave Ovens
- 17.11 Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Simulating Microwave Field Distributions in Applicators
- 17.12 Microwave Safety
- 17.13 Antenna Applicators
- 17.13.1 Analysis of a Horn Antenna
- 17.13.2 A Uniformly Illuminated Aperture Approximation
- 17.13.3 A Numerical Integration Approximation
- 17.13.4 Other Options
- Nomenclature
- Appendix A - Derivation of Near Field from a Uniformly Illuminated Rectangular Aperture
- References
- 18 Quarantine and Biosecurity
- 18.1 Insect Control
- 18.2 The Background to Microwave and Radiofrequency Quarantine
- 18.2.1 Termites as a Case Study
- 18.3 Microbial Control
- 18.4 Conclusions
- References
- 19 Weed Management
- 19.1 Radio Frequency and Microwave Treatments
- 19.2 Microwave Treatment of Plants
- 19.3 Reinterpretation of Earlier Microwave Weed Experiments
- 19.4 Impact of Microwave Treatment on Soil
- 19.5 Crop Growth Response
- 19.6 Analysis of Potential Crop Yield Response to Microwave Weed Management
- 19.7 The Potential for Including Microwave Weed Control for Herbicide Resistance Management
- 19.8 Conclusion
- Nomenclature
- Appendix A - Derivation of the Impact of Weed Infestation and Herbicide Control on Crop Yield Respon
- Herbicide Weed Management
- Microwave Weed Management
- References
- 20 Treatment of Animal Fodder
- 20.1 Effect of Microwave Treatment on Digestibility
- 20.2 Microstructure Changes
- 20.3 Potential Mitigation of Methane Production
- 20.4 Microwave Treatment of Grains
- 20.5 Effect of Microwave Heating on Crude Protein
- 20.6 Conclusion
- References
- 21 Wood Modification
- 21.1 Applications of Microwave Modification in Wood Drying
- 21.2 Improving Wood Impregnation
- 21.3 Stress Relief
- 21.4 Industrial Scale Pilot Plant
- 21.5 Pre-treatment for Wood Pulping
- References
- 22 Microwave Assisted Extraction
- 22.1 Solvent based Extraction of Essential Oils
- 22.2 Solvent Free Extraction of Essential Oils
- 22.3 Microwave Pre-treatment Followed by Conventional Extraction Techniques
- 22.4 Application to Sugar Juice Extraction
- 22.5 Microwave Accelerated Steam Distillation
- References
- 23 Thermal Processing of Biomass
- 23.1 BioSolids
- 23.2 Biosolids’ Composition and Characteristics
- 23.3 Nutrient Value of Biosolids
- 23.4 Current Applications of Biosolids
- 23.5 Thermal Processing of Materials
- 23.5.1 Combustion
- 23.5.2 Gasification
- 23.5.3 Anaerobic Decomposition (Torrefaction and Pyrolysis)
- 23.6 Microwave-assisted Pyrolysis
- 23.7 Biochar
- References
- 24 Section Introduction
- References
- 25 Data Acquisition
- 25.1 Sensors / Transducers
- 25.2 Power Supply
- 25.3 Accuracy and Its Components
- 25.4 Transducer Output
- 25.5 Signal Conditioning
- 25.5.1 Noise
- 25.5.2 Amplification
- 25.5.3 Offset Adjustment
- 25.6 Digital Data Acquisition
- 25.6.1 Sample and Hold Circuits
- 25.6.2 Aliasing
- 25.6.3 Multiplexing
- 25.6.4 Analogue-to-Digital Conversion
- 25.7 Software
- 25.8 Lightning Protection
- 25.8.1 Some Notes on Earthing Systems
- References
- 26 Radio Frequency and Microwave Communication Systems
- 26.1 Principles of RF and Microwave Communication
- 26.2 Principles of Wireless Communication
- 26.3 Modulation
- 26.4 Simplex, Half-duplex and Duplex Communication Systems
- 26.5 Digital Communication
- 26.6 Transmission Channels
- 26.6.1 Transmission Lines
- 26.6.2 Loss-Less Transmission Line
- 26.6.3 Lossy Transmission Line
- 26.6.4 Optic Fibre
- 26.7 Wireless Radio Channels
- References
- 27 Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks
- 27.1 Network Configurations
- 27.2 Open Source Platforms
- 27.2.1 Raspberry Pi
- 27.2.2 Arduino
- 27.3 Mobile Telephone Networks
- 27.4 Power Supply
- 27.4.1 Available Solar Energy
- References
- 28 RFID Systems
- 28.1 Active, Semi-passive and Passive RFID Tags
- 28.2 Animal Tracking Systems
- 28.3 Environmental Sensor Applications
- 28.4 Near Field Communication
- References
- 29 Conclusions
- 29.1 Heating Applications
- 29.2 Sensor Applications
- 29.3 Communication Systems
- 29.4 Conclusion
- References
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