Детальная информация

Ear, nose, and throat diseases present and progress very differently in children than in adults, needing different diagnostic and treatment strategies. Training in the subspecialty of pediatric otolaryngology is often part of a general ENT program and not a program in itself. As such, the general otolaryngologist may be insufficiently prepared to handle certain pediatric cases. R.W. Clarke's Pediatric Otolaryngology: Practical Clinical Management aims to provide the pediatric ENT resident or fellow, as well as the general ENT practitioner, with sound clinical guidance on ENT pathologies as th.

• Pediatric Otolaryngology: Practical Clinical Management
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Foreword
• Preface and Acknowledgments
• Contributors
• Part I: General Considerations in Children’s ENT
  • 1. Introduction to Pediatric Otolaryngology
    • 1.1 Introduction
    • 1.2 Training and Accreditation
    • 1.3 History of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
    • 1.4 Ear, Nose, and Throat Societies
    • 1.5 Organizing Otorhinolaryngology Services for Children
      • 1.5.1 Hospitals and Clinics
      • 1.5.2 Emergencies and Transport
    • 1.6 Key Points
  • 2. The Pediatric Consultation
    • 2.1 Introduction
    • 2.2 Setting Up
      • 2.2.1 The Waiting Area
      • 2.2.2 The Clinic Room
      • 2.2.3 Support Staff
      • 2.2.4 Preparing for the Consultation
    • 2.3 The Consultation
      • 2.3.1 The History
      • 2.3.2 Examination
      • 2.3.3 Investigations
      • 2.3.4 Management Plan
    • 2.4 Normal Growth, Development, and Child Health Promotion
    • 2.5 Promoting Child Health
    • 2.6 Pediatric Medical Assessment
      • 2.6.1 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders
      • 2.6.2 Autistic Spectrum Disorders
      • 2.6.3 Functional Disorders
    • 2.7 Delivering Bad News
    • 2.8 Consent and Parental Responsibility
    • 2.9 Child Protection
    • 2.10 Key Points
  • 3. Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
    • 3.1 Introduction
    • 3.2 Anesthesia
      • 3.2.1 Simple Anesthesia
      • 3.2.2 Balanced Anesthesia
    • 3.3 Induction of Anesthesia
      • 3.3.1 Intravenous Induction
      • 3.3.2 Inhalational Induction
    • 3.4 Methods of Control of the Airway
      • 3.4.1 Face Mask
      • 3.4.2 Oropharyngeal and Nasopharyngeal Airways
      • 3.4.3 The Laryngeal Mask Airway
      • 3.4.4 Endotracheal Tubes
      • 3.4.5 Cuffed or Uncuffed Endotracheal Tube?
    • 3.5 Muscle Relaxation (Paralysis) during Anesthesia and Reversal
      • 3.5.1 Paralysis
      • 3.5.2 Reversal
    • 3.6 Duration of Surgery
    • 3.7 Analgesia
    • 3.8 Anesthesia for Common Pediatric ENT Procedures
      • 3.8.1 Myringotomy and Grommets
      • 3.8.2 Adenoidectomy
      • 3.8.3 Tonsillectomy
      • 3.8.4 Anesthesia for Airway Problems in Infants
      • 3.8.5 Tracheostomy in Infants
    • 3.9 Anesthesia in Children with Specific Syndromes or Disabilities
    • 3.10 Key Points
  • 4. Pediatric Ear, Nose, and Throat Emergencies
    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Foreign Bodies
      • 4.2.1 Foreign Bodies in the Ear
      • 4.2.2 Foreign Bodies in the Nose
    • 4.3 Epistaxis
      • 4.3.1 Presentation
      • 4.3.2 Management
    • 4.4 Sinusitis and Its Complications
      • 4.4.1 Presentation
      • 4.4.2 Management of Acute Sinusitis
      • 4.4.3 Complications of Sinusitis
    • 4.5 Nasal Trauma
    • 4.6 Neck Abscesses
      • 4.6.1 Superficial Cervical Lymphadenopathy
      • 4.6.2 Deep Neck-Space Infections
      • 4.6.3 Lemierre’s Syndrome
      • 4.6.4 Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy)
      • 4.6.5 Retropharyngeal Abscess
    • 4.7 Key Points
  • 5. The Child with Special Needs
    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 The Ear, Nose, and Throat Consultation
      • 5.2.1 General Considerations
      • 5.2.2 The History
      • 5.2.3 Examination
    • 5.3 Otological Conditions
      • 5.3.1 Otitis Media
      • 5.3.2 Hearing Impairment
      • 5.3.3 Sinuses and Nasal Diseases
    • 5.4 The Airway in the Child with Special Needs
      • 5.4.1 Tonsils and Adenoids
      • 5.4.2 Other Airway Conditions
      • 5.4.3 Tracheostomy
    • 5.5 Key Points
• Part II: The Ear
  • 6. Disorders of the External Ear
    • 6.1 Introduction
    • 6.2 Applied Clinical Anatomy and Development
    • 6.3 Acquired Disorders of the External Ear
      • 6.3.1 Furuncle (Otitis Externa Circumscripta)
      • 6.3.2 Swimmer’s Ear (Otitis Externa Diffusa)
      • 6.3.3 Eczematous Otitis
      • 6.3.4 Bullous Myringitis (Otitis Externa Bullosa Hemorrhagica)
      • 6.3.5 Erysipelas (Auricular Cellulitis)
      • 6.3.6 Chronic External Otitis
      • 6.3.7 Perichondritis
    • 6.4 Trauma
      • 6.4.1 Penetrating Trauma
      • 6.4.2 Chemical Burns
      • 6.4.3 Thermal Injuries (Burns)
      • 6.4.4 Otohematoma and Otoseroma
      • 6.4.5 Partial and Total Avulsion
    • 6.5 Congenital Disorders of the External Ear
      • 6.5.1 Auricular Appendages
      • 6.5.2 Fistulas and Sinuses
      • 6.5.3 Auricular Dysplasias
    • 6.6 Key Points
  • 7. Acute Otitis Media
    • 7.1 Introduction
    • 7.2 Definitions and Classification of Otitis Media
      • 7.2.1 Acute Otitis Media
      • 7.2.2 Recurrent Acute Otitis Media
      • 7.2.3 Otitis Media with Effusion
    • 7.3 Epidemiology, Prevalence, and Risk Factors.
      • 7.3.1 Gender and Age
      • 7.3.2 Geographical and Ethnic Factors
      • 7.3.3 Environmental Factors
      • 7.3.4 Anatomical Factors and Comorbidity
    • 7.4 Pathophysiology of Acute Otitis Media
      • 7.4.1 Eustachian Tube Function
      • 7.4.2 Immune Response
      • 7.4.3 Bacterial or Viral Load
    • 7.5 Flora
    • 7.6 Clinical Features
      • 7.6.1 Symptoms and Signs
      • 7.6.2 Otoscopic Findings
      • 7.6.3 Diagnostic Uncertainty
    • 7.7 Treatment
      • 7.7.1 Analgesia and Symptom Control
      • 7.7.2 Antimicrobial Therapy
      • 7.7.3 Choice of Antibiotic
    • 7.8 Treatment Failure
      • 7.8.1 Antimicrobial Therapy Modification
      • 7.8.2 Surgery
    • 7.9 Recurrent Acute Otitis Media
      • 7.9.1 Definition
      • 7.9.2 Management
    • 7.10 Complications of Acute Otitis Media
      • 7.10.1 Extracranial Complications
      • 7.10.2 Intracranial Complications
    • 7.11 Acute Otitis Media and Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
    • 7.12 Key Points
  • 8. Otitis Media with Effusion
    • 8.1 Introduction
    • 8.2 Epidemiology and Prevalence
    • 8.3 Etiology and Risk Factors
      • 8.3.1 Etiology
      • 8.3.2 Risk Factors
    • 8.4 Clinical Presentation
    • 8.5 Clinical Findings
    • 8.6 Natural History
    • 8.7 Management
      • 8.7.1 Expectant Treatment
      • 8.7.2 Medical Treatment
      • 8.7.3 Mechanical Treatment
      • 8.7.4 Hearing Aids
      • 8.7.5 Surgery
      • 8.7.6 Surgical Technique
      • 8.7.7 Treatment Recommendations
    • 8.8 Key Points
  • 9. Disorders of the Middle Ear
    • 9.1 Introduction
    • 9.2 Perforation
      • 9.2.1 Prevalence and Classification
      • 9.2.2 Pathophysiology and Flora
      • 9.2.3 Clinical Features of Tympanic Membrane Perforation
      • 9.2.4 Management of Tympanic Membrane Perforations
    • 9.3 Tubercular Otitis Media
    • 9.4 Retraction Pockets
      • 9.4.1 Classification and Natural History
      • 9.4.2 Management of Attic Retraction
    • 9.5 Congenital Disorders of the Middle Ear
      • 9.5.1 Atresia and Congenital Ossicular Fixation
      • 9.5.2 The Facial Nerve
      • 9.5.3 Vascular Anomalies in the Middle Ear
    • 9.6 Other Conditions Affecting the Middle Ear
      • 9.6.1 Otosclerosis
      • 9.6.2 Temporal Bone Fracture
      • 9.6.3 Histiocytosis X
      • 9.6.4 Malignant Disease of the Ear
    • 9.7 Key Points
  • 10. Cholesteatoma
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 Classification
      • 10.2.1 Congenital Cholesteatoma
      • 10.2.2 Primary Acquired Cholesteatoma
      • 10.2.3 Secondary Acquired Cholesteatoma.
      • 10.2.4 Presentation, Early Management, and Imaging
    • 10.3 Treatment of Cholesteatoma
      • 10.3.1 Aim of Treatment
      • 10.3.2 Choice of Approach
      • 10.3.3 Surgical Technique
      • 10.3.4 Cavity Reconstruction
    • 10.4 Long-Term Management: Follow-Up
      • 10.4.1 “Second-Look” Surgery
      • 10.4.2 Imaging
    • 10.5 Surgical Outcomes
    • 10.6 Tips for Cholesteatoma Surgery
    • 10.7 Key Points
  • 11. Disorders of Balance
    • 11.1 Introduction
    • 11.2 Physiology of Balance in Children
      • 11.2.1 Maturation and Development
      • 11.2.2 Vestibular Reflexes
    • 11.3 Clinical Presentation
      • 11.3.1 History
      • 11.3.2 Examination.
      • 11.3.3 Investigations
    • 11.4 Differential Diagnosis and Management
      • 11.4.1 Balance Disorders with Normal Hearing
      • 11.4.2 Balance Disorders with Hearing Impairment
    • 11.5 Key Points
  • 12. Facial Palsy Reconstruction in Children
    • 12.1 Introduction
    • 12.2 Anatomy of the Facial Nerve
    • 12.3 Central Course
      • 12.3.1 The Facial Motor Nerve
      • 12.3.2 Intratemporal Course
      • 12.3.3 Branches of the Nervus Intermedius
      • 12.3.4 The Facial Motor Nerve in the Face
    • 12.4 Classification of Facial Palsy
      • 12.4.1 Congenital
      • 12.4.2 Acquired
    • 12.5 History and Examination
      • 12.5.1 Secondary Features: Synkinesis, Spasm, and Contracture
      • 12.5.2 Documenting the Severity of Facial Palsy: Grading Systems, Standardized Photography and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures
    • 12.6 Investigations
      • 12.6.1 Diagnostic
      • 12.6.2 Prognostic
    • 12.7 Treatment
      • 12.7.1 Supportive Management
      • 12.7.2 Medical Management
      • 12.7.3 Reconstructive Management
    • 12.8 Key Points
• Part III: The Hearing Impaired Child
  • 13. Introduction, Detection, and Early Management
    • 13.1 Introduction
    • 13.2 Epidemiology and Prevalence
    • 13.3 Etiology
      • 13.3.1 Genetic Causes of Permanent Childhood Hearing Impairment
      • 13.3.2 Environmental Causes of Permanent Childhood Hearing Impairment
    • 13.4 Risk Factors for Hearing Loss
    • 13.5 Identification of Hearing Loss
      • 13.5.1 Neonatal Hearing Screening
      • 13.5.2 Screening Strategies
    • 13.6 Diagnostic and Etiological Work-Up Following Referral from Screening
      • 13.6.1 Audiological Assessment
      • 13.6.2 Etiological Assessment
    • 13.7 Rehabilitation and Hearing Aids
    • 13.8 Measures to Prevent Hearing Deterioration
      • 13.8.1 Noise Trauma
      • 13.8.2 Specific Preventive Measures
    • 13.9 Key Points
  • 14. Nonsurgical Management of the Child with Hearing Loss
    • 14.1 Introduction
    • 14.2 What Is the Impact of Hearing Loss for Children?
    • 14.3 Diagnosis of Acquired Hearing Loss
      • 14.3.1 Objective Hearing Assessment in the Early Months of Life
      • 14.3.2 Behavioral Hearing Tests
      • 14.3.3 Measuring Middle Ear Function
    • 14.4 Types of Hearing Loss
      • 14.4.1 Conductive Hearing Loss
      • 14.4.2 Sensorineural Hearing Loss
      • 14.4.3 Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder
      • 14.4.4 Mixed Hearing Loss
      • 14.4.5 Unilateral Hearing Loss: A Special Case
      • 14.4.6 Nonorganic Hearing Loss
      • 14.4.7 Auditory Oversensitivity or Hyperacusis and Tinnitus
    • 14.5 Fitting of Hearing Aids
      • 14.5.1 Principles of Amplification with Hearing Aids
      • 14.5.2 Hearing Aids for Conductive Hearing Loss
      • 14.5.3 Constraints of Hearing Aids
      • 14.5.4 Assistive Listening Device Options for Children
      • 14.5.5 Family-Centered Management
    • 14.6 Hyperacusis and Tinnitus
    • 14.7 Outcomes for Hearing-Impaired Children
    • 14.8 Key Points
  • 15. Surgical Management of the Hearing-Impaired Child
    • 15.1 Introduction
    • 15.2 Bone Conduction Hearing Devices
      • 15.2.1 Physiology of Hearing through Bone Conduction
      • 15.2.2 Clinical Indications for Bone Conduction Hearing Device
      • 15.2.3 Selection of Children
      • 15.2.4 Percutaneous Devices
      • 15.2.5 Transcutaneous Devices
    • 15.3 Active Middle Ear Implants
      • 15.3.1 Vibrant Soundbridge
      • 15.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Compatibility
    • 15.4 Severe-to-Profound Sensorineural Hearing Loss
      • 15.4.1 Cochlear Implants
      • 15.4.2 Cochlear Implantation
      • 15.4.3 Bilateral Cochlear Implantation
      • 15.4.4 Unilateral Cochlear Implantation
      • 15.4.5 Children with Complex Needs
      • 15.4.6 Auditory Brainstem Implants
    • 15.5 Key Points
• Part IV: The Nose and Sinus
  • 16. Nasal Obstruction in Children
    • 16.1 Introduction
    • 16.2 Etiology of Pediatric Nasal Obstruction
    • 16.3 Congenital Anomalies
      • 16.3.1 Skeletal
      • 16.3.2 Nasal Masses
    • 16.4 Acquired Disorders
      • 16.4.1 Infective/Inflammatory
      • 16.4.2 Traumatic
      • 16.4.3 Neoplastic
    • 16.5 Key Points
  • 17. Pediatric Rhinitis and Rhinosinusitis
    • 17.1 Introduction
    • 17.2 Development of the Paranasal Sinuses
      • 17.2.1 Ethmoid Sinus
      • 17.2.2 Maxillary Sinus
      • 17.2.3 The Frontal and Sphenoid Sinuses
    • 17.3 Definition and Classification of Disease
    • 17.4 Acute Rhinosinusitis
      • 17.4.1 Incidence of Acute Rhinosinusitis in Children
      • 17.4.2 Definition and Diagnosis of Acute Rhinosinusitis in Children
      • 17.4.3 Differential Diagnosis
      • 17.4.4 Pathogenesis of Acute Rhinosinusitis
      • 17.4.5 The Diagnostic Work-Up
      • 17.4.6 Treatment of Acute Rhinosinusitis in Children
      • 17.4.7 Complications of Acute Rhinosinusitis
    • 17.5 Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Children
      • 17.5.1 Classification and Diagnosis
      • 17.5.2 Prevalence of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Children
      • 17.5.3 Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Quality of Life
      • 17.5.4 Pathogenesis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Children
      • 17.5.5 Diagnostic Work-Up for Chronic Rhinosinusitis
      • 17.5.6 Management of Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis
    • 17.6 Allergic Rhinitis
      • 17.6.1 Prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis
      • 17.6.2 Quality of Life
      • 17.6.3 Classification
      • 17.6.4 Pathogenesis of Allergic Rhinitis
      • 17.6.5 Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
      • 17.6.6 Comorbid Conditions and Allergic Rhinitis
      • 17.6.7 Treatment of Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis in Children
    • 17.7 Key Points
• Part V: The Airway
  • 18. Tongue, Floor of Mouth, Adenoids, and Tonsils
    • 18.1 Introduction
    • 18.2 Tongue-Tie (Ankyloglossia)
      • 18.2.1 Definition and Prevalence
      • 18.2.2 Effects
      • 18.2.3 Management
    • 18.3 Macroglossia
      • 18.3.1 Definition and Classification
      • 18.3.2 Management
    • 18.4 Ranula
      • 18.4.1 Etiology and Presentation
      • 18.4.2 Management
    • 18.5 Adenoids and Tonsils
      • 18.5.1 Applied Physiology
      • 18.5.2 Acute Tonsillitis
      • 18.5.3 Adenotonsillectomy
    • 18.6 Key Points
  • 19. Obstructive Sleep Apnea
    • 19.1 Introduction
    • 19.2 Epidemiology and Prevalence
    • 19.3 Physiology of Normal Sleep
    • 19.4 Pathophysiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
    • 19.5 Effects of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
      • 19.5.1 Metabolic
      • 19.5.2 Increased Health Care Utilization
      • 19.5.3 Neurobehavioral Deficits
      • 19.5.4 Cardiovascular Dysfunction
      • 19.5.5 Growth Retardation
      • 19.5.6 Decreased Quality of Life
    • 19.6 Clinical Presentation
      • 19.6.1 The History
      • 19.6.2 Physical Examination
    • 19.7 Investigation and Diagnosis
      • 19.7.1 Sleep Studies
      • 19.7.2 Imaging for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
      • 19.7.3 Sleep Endoscopy
    • 19.8 Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children
      • 19.8.1 Medical Treatment
      • 19.8.2 Noninvasive Ventilation
      • 19.8.3 Oxygen Therapy
      • 19.8.4 Adenotonsillectomy
      • 19.8.5 Mandibular/Maxillary Advancement
      • 19.8.6 Intranasal Surgery
      • 19.8.7 Hyoid/Tongue Suspension
      • 19.8.8 Tracheostomy
    • 19.9 Comorbidity and Specific Conditions in Pediatric OSA
      • 19.9.1 Congenital Anatomical Anomalies
      • 19.9.2 Down’s Syndrome
      • 19.9.3 Head and Neck Neoplasm
      • 19.9.4 Obesity
      • 19.9.5 Neonatal Nasal Obstruction
      • 19.9.6 Neurologic Conditions
    • 19.10 Perioperative Management of Children with OSA
    • 19.11 Complications of Adenotonsillectomy
      • 19.11.1 Bleeding
      • 19.11.2 Infection
      • 19.11.3 Dehydration
      • 19.11.4 Postobstructive Pulmonary Edema
      • 19.11.5 Tonsil Regrowth
      • 19.11.6 Velopharyngeal Insufficiency
    • 19.12 Postoperative Monitoring and Treatment
    • 19.13 Pain Management
    • 19.14 Key Points
  • 20. Airway Obstruction in Children
    • 20.1 Introduction
    • 20.2 Physics of Airway Obstruction
      • 20.2.1 Resistance to Airflow
      • 20.2.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
      • 20.2.3 The Bernoulli Principle
    • 20.3 Assessment of the Airway
      • 20.3.1 Clinical Assessment by History
      • 20.3.2 Clinical Assessment by Examination
      • 20.3.3 Airway Endoscopic Assessment
      • 20.3.4 Combined Flexible and Rigid Airway Endoscopy
      • 20.3.5 Imaging the Airway
    • 20.4 Transfer of Acute Airway Child
    • 20.5 Tracheostomy
    • 20.6 Key Points
  • 21. Congenital Disorders of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi
    • 21.1 Introduction
    • 21.2 Applied Basic Science
    • 21.3 Embryology
    • 21.4 Clinical Anatomy
    • 21.5 Clinical Manifestations of Airway Pathology
      • 21.5.1 Supraglottis
      • 21.5.2 Glottis
      • 21.5.3 Subglottis
      • 21.5.4 Trachea and Bronchi
    • 21.6 Key Points
  • 22. Acquired Disorders of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi
    • 22.1 Introduction
    • 22.2 Infection
      • 22.2.1 Historical Perspective
      • 22.2.2 Acute Epiglottitis
      • 22.2.3 Croup or Viral Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis
      • 22.2.4 Bacterial Tracheitis (Pseudomembranous Croup)
      • 22.2.5 Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
    • 22.3 Injury and Stenosis of the Larynx and Upper Trachea
      • 22.3.1 Mechanisms of Injury to the Larynx and Trachea
      • 22.3.2 Site of Injury
      • 22.3.3 Clinical Problems in Acquired Stenosis of the Larynx and Trachea
      • 22.3.4 Assessment of Airway Stenosis
      • 22.3.5 Treatment of Airway Stenosis
    • 22.4 Acquired Disorders of the Vocal Fold
      • 22.4.1 Vocal Cord Palsy
      • 22.4.2 Mucosal Lesions of the Vocal Folds
    • 22.5 Key Points
  • 23. Tracheostomy
    • 23.1 Introduction
    • 23.2 Indications
    • 23.3 Emergency Tracheotomy
    • 23.4 Preoperative Planning
    • 23.5 Special Considerations in Children
    • 23.6 Technique
    • 23.7 Postoperative Care
    • 23.8 Complications
    • 23.9 Tracheostomy Tubes
    • 23.10 Home Care
    • 23.11 Decannulation
    • 23.12 Tracheocutaneous Fistula
    • 23.13 Key Points
• Part VI: Head and Neck
  • 24. Neck Masses in Children: Congenital Neck Disease
    • 24.1 Introduction
      • 24.1.1 Development of the Pharyngeal Arches
    • 24.2 Congenital Neck Masses
      • 24.2.1 Dermoid Cysts in the Neck
      • 24.2.2 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
    • 24.3 Pharyngeal Arch Disorders
      • 24.3.1 First Pharyngeal Arch Anomalies
      • 24.3.2 Second Pharyngeal (Branchial) Arch Anomalies
      • 24.3.3 Third and Fourth Arch Anomalies
    • 24.4 Vascular Malformations and Hemangiomas
      • 24.4.1 Hemangiomas
      • 24.4.2 Vascular Malformations
    • 24.5 Venous Malformations
    • 24.6 Teratomas
      • 24.6.1 Presentation
      • 24.6.2 Investigations
      • 24.6.3 Management
    • 24.7 Hamartomas
    • 24.8 Fibromatosis Colli
    • 24.9 Key Points
  • 25. Neck Masses in Children: Acquired Neck Masses
    • 25.1 Introduction
    • 25.2 Neck Masses in Children Who Are Acutely Unwell
      • 25.2.1 Clinical Assessment
      • 25.2.2 Acute Lymphadenitis
      • 25.2.3 Deep Neck-Space Infection
      • 25.2.4 Noninfective Inflammatory Conditions
    • 25.3 Neck Masses in Children Who Are Systemically Well
      • 25.3.1 Clinical Assessment
      • 25.3.2 Infective Causes
      • 25.3.3 Noninfective Inflammatory Conditions
      • 25.3.4 Tumors
    • 25.4 Key Points
  • 26. Salivary Gland Disorders in Childhood
    • 26.1 Introduction
    • 26.2 Congenital Disorders
      • 26.2.1 Anatomical Anomalies
      • 26.2.2 Congenital Tumors and Hamartomas
      • 26.2.3 Pharyngeal (Branchial) Arch Anomalies
      • 26.2.4 Parotitis in Cystic Fibrosis
    • 26.3 Acquired Salivary Gland Disorders
      • 26.3.1 Salivary Gland Trauma
      • 26.3.2 Inflammatory Disorders
      • 26.3.3 Pediatric Salivary Gland Tumors
    • 26.4 Pediatric Parotidectomy
    • 26.5 Sialorrhea (Drooling)
      • 26.5.1 Multidisciplinary Management
      • 26.5.2 Pharmacotherapy
      • 26.5.3 Surgical Management
    • 26.6 Key Points
  • 27. Ear, Nose, and Throat Problems in Cleft Lip and Palate
    • 27.1 Introduction
    • 27.2 Incidence
    • 27.3 Etiology
    • 27.4 Diagnosis
      • 27.4.1 Antenatal Diagnosis
      • 27.4.2 Diagnosis and Counseling at Birth
    • 27.5 Surgical Management of Cleft Lip and Palate
      • 27.5.1 Palate Repair
      • 27.5.2 Alveolar Bone Grafting
    • 27.6 ENT Problems in Cleft Lip and Palate
      • 27.6.1 Otitis Media with Effusion
      • 27.6.2 Tympanic Membrane Retraction and Cholesteatoma
      • 27.6.3 Nasal Deformity
      • 27.6.4 Airway Disorders
    • 27.7 Submucosal Cleft Palate
    • 27.8 Key Points
  • 28. Disorders of the Esophagus and Gastroesophageal Reflux
    • 28.1 Introduction
    • 28.2 Congenital Disorders
      • 28.2.1 Tracheoesophageal Fistula
      • 28.2.2 Esophageal Strictures,Web, and Rings
    • 28.3 Acquired Esophageal Disorders
      • 28.3.1 Esophageal Strictures
      • 28.3.2 Caustic Esophageal Damage
      • 28.3.3 Gastroesophageal Reflux
      • 28.3.4 Barrett’s Esophagus
      • 28.3.5 Eosinophilic Esophagitis
      • 28.3.6 Esophageal Foreign Body
      • 28.3.7 Infections
      • 28.3.8 Dysphagia and Regurgitation
      • 28.3.9 Esophageal Motility Disorders in Children
      • 28.3.10 Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
    • 28.4 Key Points
• Appendix: Strength of Clinical Evidence
• Index