Ear, nose, and throat diseases present and progress very differently in children than in adults, needing different diagnostic and treatment strategies. Training in the subspecialty of pediatric otolaryngology is often part of a general ENT program and not a program in itself. As such, the general otolaryngologist may be insufficiently prepared to handle certain pediatric cases. R.W. Clarke's Pediatric Otolaryngology: Practical Clinical Management aims to provide the pediatric ENT resident or fellow, as well as the general ENT practitioner, with sound clinical guidance on ENT pathologies as th.

• Pediatric Otolaryngology: Practical Clinical Management
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Foreword
• Preface and Acknowledgments
• Contributors
• Part I: General Considerations in Children’s ENT
  • 1. Introduction to Pediatric Otolaryngology
    • 1.1 Introduction
    • 1.2 Training and Accreditation
    • 1.3 History of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
    • 1.4 Ear, Nose, and Throat Societies
    • 1.5 Organizing Otorhinolaryngology Services for Children
      • 1.5.1 Hospitals and Clinics
      • 1.5.2 Emergencies and Transport
    • 1.6 Key Points
  • 2. The Pediatric Consultation
    • 2.1 Introduction
    • 2.2 Setting Up
      • 2.2.1 The Waiting Area
      • 2.2.2 The Clinic Room
      • 2.2.3 Support Staff
      • 2.2.4 Preparing for the Consultation
    • 2.3 The Consultation
      • 2.3.1 The History
      • 2.3.2 Examination
      • 2.3.3 Investigations
      • 2.3.4 Management Plan
    • 2.4 Normal Growth, Development, and Child Health Promotion
    • 2.5 Promoting Child Health
    • 2.6 Pediatric Medical Assessment
      • 2.6.1 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders
      • 2.6.2 Autistic Spectrum Disorders
      • 2.6.3 Functional Disorders
    • 2.7 Delivering Bad News
    • 2.8 Consent and Parental Responsibility
    • 2.9 Child Protection
    • 2.10 Key Points
  • 3. Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
    • 3.1 Introduction
    • 3.2 Anesthesia
      • 3.2.1 Simple Anesthesia
      • 3.2.2 Balanced Anesthesia
    • 3.3 Induction of Anesthesia
      • 3.3.1 Intravenous Induction
      • 3.3.2 Inhalational Induction
    • 3.4 Methods of Control of the Airway
      • 3.4.1 Face Mask
      • 3.4.2 Oropharyngeal and Nasopharyngeal Airways
      • 3.4.3 The Laryngeal Mask Airway
      • 3.4.4 Endotracheal Tubes
      • 3.4.5 Cuffed or Uncuffed Endotracheal Tube?
    • 3.5 Muscle Relaxation (Paralysis) during Anesthesia and Reversal
      • 3.5.1 Paralysis
      • 3.5.2 Reversal
    • 3.6 Duration of Surgery
    • 3.7 Analgesia
    • 3.8 Anesthesia for Common Pediatric ENT Procedures
      • 3.8.1 Myringotomy and Grommets
      • 3.8.2 Adenoidectomy
      • 3.8.3 Tonsillectomy
      • 3.8.4 Anesthesia for Airway Problems in Infants
      • 3.8.5 Tracheostomy in Infants
    • 3.9 Anesthesia in Children with Specific Syndromes or Disabilities
    • 3.10 Key Points
  • 4. Pediatric Ear, Nose, and Throat Emergencies
    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Foreign Bodies
      • 4.2.1 Foreign Bodies in the Ear
      • 4.2.2 Foreign Bodies in the Nose
    • 4.3 Epistaxis
      • 4.3.1 Presentation
      • 4.3.2 Management
    • 4.4 Sinusitis and Its Complications
      • 4.4.1 Presentation
      • 4.4.2 Management of Acute Sinusitis
      • 4.4.3 Complications of Sinusitis
    • 4.5 Nasal Trauma
    • 4.6 Neck Abscesses
      • 4.6.1 Superficial Cervical Lymphadenopathy
      • 4.6.2 Deep Neck-Space Infections
      • 4.6.3 Lemierre’s Syndrome
      • 4.6.4 Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy)
      • 4.6.5 Retropharyngeal Abscess
    • 4.7 Key Points
  • 5. The Child with Special Needs
    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 The Ear, Nose, and Throat Consultation
      • 5.2.1 General Considerations
      • 5.2.2 The History
      • 5.2.3 Examination
    • 5.3 Otological Conditions
      • 5.3.1 Otitis Media
      • 5.3.2 Hearing Impairment
      • 5.3.3 Sinuses and Nasal Diseases
    • 5.4 The Airway in the Child with Special Needs
      • 5.4.1 Tonsils and Adenoids
      • 5.4.2 Other Airway Conditions
      • 5.4.3 Tracheostomy
    • 5.5 Key Points
• Part II: The Ear
  • 6. Disorders of the External Ear
    • 6.1 Introduction
    • 6.2 Applied Clinical Anatomy and Development
    • 6.3 Acquired Disorders of the External Ear
      • 6.3.1 Furuncle (Otitis Externa Circumscripta)
      • 6.3.2 Swimmer’s Ear (Otitis Externa Diffusa)
      • 6.3.3 Eczematous Otitis
      • 6.3.4 Bullous Myringitis (Otitis Externa Bullosa Hemorrhagica)
      • 6.3.5 Erysipelas (Auricular Cellulitis)
      • 6.3.6 Chronic External Otitis
      • 6.3.7 Perichondritis
    • 6.4 Trauma
      • 6.4.1 Penetrating Trauma
      • 6.4.2 Chemical Burns
      • 6.4.3 Thermal Injuries (Burns)
      • 6.4.4 Otohematoma and Otoseroma
      • 6.4.5 Partial and Total Avulsion
    • 6.5 Congenital Disorders of the External Ear
      • 6.5.1 Auricular Appendages
      • 6.5.2 Fistulas and Sinuses
      • 6.5.3 Auricular Dysplasias
    • 6.6 Key Points
  • 7. Acute Otitis Media
    • 7.1 Introduction
    • 7.2 Definitions and Classification of Otitis Media
      • 7.2.1 Acute Otitis Media
      • 7.2.2 Recurrent Acute Otitis Media
      • 7.2.3 Otitis Media with Effusion
    • 7.3 Epidemiology, Prevalence, and Risk Factors.
      • 7.3.1 Gender and Age
      • 7.3.2 Geographical and Ethnic Factors
      • 7.3.3 Environmental Factors
      • 7.3.4 Anatomical Factors and Comorbidity
    • 7.4 Pathophysiology of Acute Otitis Media
      • 7.4.1 Eustachian Tube Function
      • 7.4.2 Immune Response
      • 7.4.3 Bacterial or Viral Load
    • 7.5 Flora
    • 7.6 Clinical Features
      • 7.6.1 Symptoms and Signs
      • 7.6.2 Otoscopic Findings
      • 7.6.3 Diagnostic Uncertainty
    • 7.7 Treatment
      • 7.7.1 Analgesia and Symptom Control
      • 7.7.2 Antimicrobial Therapy
      • 7.7.3 Choice of Antibiotic
    • 7.8 Treatment Failure
      • 7.8.1 Antimicrobial Therapy Modification
      • 7.8.2 Surgery
    • 7.9 Recurrent Acute Otitis Media
      • 7.9.1 Definition
      • 7.9.2 Management
    • 7.10 Complications of Acute Otitis Media
      • 7.10.1 Extracranial Complications
      • 7.10.2 Intracranial Complications
    • 7.11 Acute Otitis Media and Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
    • 7.12 Key Points
  • 8. Otitis Media with Effusion
    • 8.1 Introduction
    • 8.2 Epidemiology and Prevalence
    • 8.3 Etiology and Risk Factors
      • 8.3.1 Etiology
      • 8.3.2 Risk Factors
    • 8.4 Clinical Presentation
    • 8.5 Clinical Findings
    • 8.6 Natural History
    • 8.7 Management
      • 8.7.1 Expectant Treatment
      • 8.7.2 Medical Treatment
      • 8.7.3 Mechanical Treatment
      • 8.7.4 Hearing Aids
      • 8.7.5 Surgery
      • 8.7.6 Surgical Technique
      • 8.7.7 Treatment Recommendations
    • 8.8 Key Points
  • 9. Disorders of the Middle Ear
    • 9.1 Introduction
    • 9.2 Perforation
      • 9.2.1 Prevalence and Classification
      • 9.2.2 Pathophysiology and Flora
      • 9.2.3 Clinical Features of Tympanic Membrane Perforation
      • 9.2.4 Management of Tympanic Membrane Perforations
    • 9.3 Tubercular Otitis Media
    • 9.4 Retraction Pockets
      • 9.4.1 Classification and Natural History
      • 9.4.2 Management of Attic Retraction
    • 9.5 Congenital Disorders of the Middle Ear
      • 9.5.1 Atresia and Congenital Ossicular Fixation
      • 9.5.2 The Facial Nerve
      • 9.5.3 Vascular Anomalies in the Middle Ear
    • 9.6 Other Conditions Affecting the Middle Ear
      • 9.6.1 Otosclerosis
      • 9.6.2 Temporal Bone Fracture
      • 9.6.3 Histiocytosis X
      • 9.6.4 Malignant Disease of the Ear
    • 9.7 Key Points
  • 10. Cholesteatoma
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 Classification
      • 10.2.1 Congenital Cholesteatoma
      • 10.2.2 Primary Acquired Cholesteatoma
      • 10.2.3 Secondary Acquired Cholesteatoma.
      • 10.2.4 Presentation, Early Management, and Imaging
    • 10.3 Treatment of Cholesteatoma
      • 10.3.1 Aim of Treatment
      • 10.3.2 Choice of Approach
      • 10.3.3 Surgical Technique
      • 10.3.4 Cavity Reconstruction
    • 10.4 Long-Term Management: Follow-Up
      • 10.4.1 “Second-Look” Surgery
      • 10.4.2 Imaging
    • 10.5 Surgical Outcomes
    • 10.6 Tips for Cholesteatoma Surgery
    • 10.7 Key Points
  • 11. Disorders of Balance
    • 11.1 Introduction
    • 11.2 Physiology of Balance in Children
      • 11.2.1 Maturation and Development
      • 11.2.2 Vestibular Reflexes
    • 11.3 Clinical Presentation
      • 11.3.1 History
      • 11.3.2 Examination.
      • 11.3.3 Investigations
    • 11.4 Differential Diagnosis and Management
      • 11.4.1 Balance Disorders with Normal Hearing
      • 11.4.2 Balance Disorders with Hearing Impairment
    • 11.5 Key Points
  • 12. Facial Palsy Reconstruction in Children
    • 12.1 Introduction
    • 12.2 Anatomy of the Facial Nerve
    • 12.3 Central Course
      • 12.3.1 The Facial Motor Nerve
      • 12.3.2 Intratemporal Course
      • 12.3.3 Branches of the Nervus Intermedius
      • 12.3.4 The Facial Motor Nerve in the Face
    • 12.4 Classification of Facial Palsy
      • 12.4.1 Congenital
      • 12.4.2 Acquired
    • 12.5 History and Examination
      • 12.5.1 Secondary Features: Synkinesis, Spasm, and Contracture
      • 12.5.2 Documenting the Severity of Facial Palsy: Grading Systems, Standardized Photography and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures
    • 12.6 Investigations
      • 12.6.1 Diagnostic
      • 12.6.2 Prognostic
    • 12.7 Treatment
      • 12.7.1 Supportive Management
      • 12.7.2 Medical Management
      • 12.7.3 Reconstructive Management
    • 12.8 Key Points
• Part III: The Hearing Impaired Child
  • 13. Introduction, Detection, and Early Management
    • 13.1 Introduction
    • 13.2 Epidemiology and Prevalence
    • 13.3 Etiology
      • 13.3.1 Genetic Causes of Permanent Childhood Hearing Impairment
      • 13.3.2 Environmental Causes of Permanent Childhood Hearing Impairment
    • 13.4 Risk Factors for Hearing Loss
    • 13.5 Identification of Hearing Loss
      • 13.5.1 Neonatal Hearing Screening
      • 13.5.2 Screening Strategies
    • 13.6 Diagnostic and Etiological Work-Up Following Referral from Screening
      • 13.6.1 Audiological Assessment
      • 13.6.2 Etiological Assessment
    • 13.7 Rehabilitation and Hearing Aids
    • 13.8 Measures to Prevent Hearing Deterioration
      • 13.8.1 Noise Trauma
      • 13.8.2 Specific Preventive Measures
    • 13.9 Key Points
  • 14. Nonsurgical Management of the Child with Hearing Loss
    • 14.1 Introduction
    • 14.2 What Is the Impact of Hearing Loss for Children?
    • 14.3 Diagnosis of Acquired Hearing Loss
      • 14.3.1 Objective Hearing Assessment in the Early Months of Life
      • 14.3.2 Behavioral Hearing Tests
      • 14.3.3 Measuring Middle Ear Function
    • 14.4 Types of Hearing Loss
      • 14.4.1 Conductive Hearing Loss
      • 14.4.2 Sensorineural Hearing Loss
      • 14.4.3 Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder
      • 14.4.4 Mixed Hearing Loss
      • 14.4.5 Unilateral Hearing Loss: A Special Case
      • 14.4.6 Nonorganic Hearing Loss
      • 14.4.7 Auditory Oversensitivity or Hyperacusis and Tinnitus
    • 14.5 Fitting of Hearing Aids
      • 14.5.1 Principles of Amplification with Hearing Aids
      • 14.5.2 Hearing Aids for Conductive Hearing Loss
      • 14.5.3 Constraints of Hearing Aids
      • 14.5.4 Assistive Listening Device Options for Children
      • 14.5.5 Family-Centered Management
    • 14.6 Hyperacusis and Tinnitus
    • 14.7 Outcomes for Hearing-Impaired Children
    • 14.8 Key Points
  • 15. Surgical Management of the Hearing-Impaired Child
    • 15.1 Introduction
    • 15.2 Bone Conduction Hearing Devices
      • 15.2.1 Physiology of Hearing through Bone Conduction
      • 15.2.2 Clinical Indications for Bone Conduction Hearing Device
      • 15.2.3 Selection of Children
      • 15.2.4 Percutaneous Devices
      • 15.2.5 Transcutaneous Devices
    • 15.3 Active Middle Ear Implants
      • 15.3.1 Vibrant Soundbridge
      • 15.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Compatibility
    • 15.4 Severe-to-Profound Sensorineural Hearing Loss
      • 15.4.1 Cochlear Implants
      • 15.4.2 Cochlear Implantation
      • 15.4.3 Bilateral Cochlear Implantation
      • 15.4.4 Unilateral Cochlear Implantation
      • 15.4.5 Children with Complex Needs
      • 15.4.6 Auditory Brainstem Implants
    • 15.5 Key Points
• Part IV: The Nose and Sinus
  • 16. Nasal Obstruction in Children
    • 16.1 Introduction
    • 16.2 Etiology of Pediatric Nasal Obstruction
    • 16.3 Congenital Anomalies
      • 16.3.1 Skeletal
      • 16.3.2 Nasal Masses
    • 16.4 Acquired Disorders
      • 16.4.1 Infective/Inflammatory
      • 16.4.2 Traumatic
      • 16.4.3 Neoplastic
    • 16.5 Key Points
  • 17. Pediatric Rhinitis and Rhinosinusitis
    • 17.1 Introduction
    • 17.2 Development of the Paranasal Sinuses
      • 17.2.1 Ethmoid Sinus
      • 17.2.2 Maxillary Sinus
      • 17.2.3 The Frontal and Sphenoid Sinuses
    • 17.3 Definition and Classification of Disease
    • 17.4 Acute Rhinosinusitis
      • 17.4.1 Incidence of Acute Rhinosinusitis in Children
      • 17.4.2 Definition and Diagnosis of Acute Rhinosinusitis in Children
      • 17.4.3 Differential Diagnosis
      • 17.4.4 Pathogenesis of Acute Rhinosinusitis
      • 17.4.5 The Diagnostic Work-Up
      • 17.4.6 Treatment of Acute Rhinosinusitis in Children
      • 17.4.7 Complications of Acute Rhinosinusitis
    • 17.5 Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Children
      • 17.5.1 Classification and Diagnosis
      • 17.5.2 Prevalence of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Children
      • 17.5.3 Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Quality of Life
      • 17.5.4 Pathogenesis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Children
      • 17.5.5 Diagnostic Work-Up for Chronic Rhinosinusitis
      • 17.5.6 Management of Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis
    • 17.6 Allergic Rhinitis
      • 17.6.1 Prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis
      • 17.6.2 Quality of Life
      • 17.6.3 Classification
      • 17.6.4 Pathogenesis of Allergic Rhinitis
      • 17.6.5 Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
      • 17.6.6 Comorbid Conditions and Allergic Rhinitis
      • 17.6.7 Treatment of Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis in Children
    • 17.7 Key Points
• Part V: The Airway
  • 18. Tongue, Floor of Mouth, Adenoids, and Tonsils
    • 18.1 Introduction
    • 18.2 Tongue-Tie (Ankyloglossia)
      • 18.2.1 Definition and Prevalence
      • 18.2.2 Effects
      • 18.2.3 Management
    • 18.3 Macroglossia
      • 18.3.1 Definition and Classification
      • 18.3.2 Management
    • 18.4 Ranula
      • 18.4.1 Etiology and Presentation
      • 18.4.2 Management
    • 18.5 Adenoids and Tonsils
      • 18.5.1 Applied Physiology
      • 18.5.2 Acute Tonsillitis
      • 18.5.3 Adenotonsillectomy
    • 18.6 Key Points
  • 19. Obstructive Sleep Apnea
    • 19.1 Introduction
    • 19.2 Epidemiology and Prevalence
    • 19.3 Physiology of Normal Sleep
    • 19.4 Pathophysiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
    • 19.5 Effects of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
      • 19.5.1 Metabolic
      • 19.5.2 Increased Health Care Utilization
      • 19.5.3 Neurobehavioral Deficits
      • 19.5.4 Cardiovascular Dysfunction
      • 19.5.5 Growth Retardation
      • 19.5.6 Decreased Quality of Life
    • 19.6 Clinical Presentation
      • 19.6.1 The History
      • 19.6.2 Physical Examination
    • 19.7 Investigation and Diagnosis
      • 19.7.1 Sleep Studies
      • 19.7.2 Imaging for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
      • 19.7.3 Sleep Endoscopy
    • 19.8 Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children
      • 19.8.1 Medical Treatment
      • 19.8.2 Noninvasive Ventilation
      • 19.8.3 Oxygen Therapy
      • 19.8.4 Adenotonsillectomy
      • 19.8.5 Mandibular/Maxillary Advancement
      • 19.8.6 Intranasal Surgery
      • 19.8.7 Hyoid/Tongue Suspension
      • 19.8.8 Tracheostomy
    • 19.9 Comorbidity and Specific Conditions in Pediatric OSA
      • 19.9.1 Congenital Anatomical Anomalies
      • 19.9.2 Down’s Syndrome
      • 19.9.3 Head and Neck Neoplasm
      • 19.9.4 Obesity
      • 19.9.5 Neonatal Nasal Obstruction
      • 19.9.6 Neurologic Conditions
    • 19.10 Perioperative Management of Children with OSA
    • 19.11 Complications of Adenotonsillectomy
      • 19.11.1 Bleeding
      • 19.11.2 Infection
      • 19.11.3 Dehydration
      • 19.11.4 Postobstructive Pulmonary Edema
      • 19.11.5 Tonsil Regrowth
      • 19.11.6 Velopharyngeal Insufficiency
    • 19.12 Postoperative Monitoring and Treatment
    • 19.13 Pain Management
    • 19.14 Key Points
  • 20. Airway Obstruction in Children
    • 20.1 Introduction
    • 20.2 Physics of Airway Obstruction
      • 20.2.1 Resistance to Airflow
      • 20.2.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
      • 20.2.3 The Bernoulli Principle
    • 20.3 Assessment of the Airway
      • 20.3.1 Clinical Assessment by History
      • 20.3.2 Clinical Assessment by Examination
      • 20.3.3 Airway Endoscopic Assessment
      • 20.3.4 Combined Flexible and Rigid Airway Endoscopy
      • 20.3.5 Imaging the Airway
    • 20.4 Transfer of Acute Airway Child
    • 20.5 Tracheostomy
    • 20.6 Key Points
  • 21. Congenital Disorders of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi
    • 21.1 Introduction
    • 21.2 Applied Basic Science
    • 21.3 Embryology
    • 21.4 Clinical Anatomy
    • 21.5 Clinical Manifestations of Airway Pathology
      • 21.5.1 Supraglottis
      • 21.5.2 Glottis
      • 21.5.3 Subglottis
      • 21.5.4 Trachea and Bronchi
    • 21.6 Key Points
  • 22. Acquired Disorders of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi
    • 22.1 Introduction
    • 22.2 Infection
      • 22.2.1 Historical Perspective
      • 22.2.2 Acute Epiglottitis
      • 22.2.3 Croup or Viral Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis
      • 22.2.4 Bacterial Tracheitis (Pseudomembranous Croup)
      • 22.2.5 Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
    • 22.3 Injury and Stenosis of the Larynx and Upper Trachea
      • 22.3.1 Mechanisms of Injury to the Larynx and Trachea
      • 22.3.2 Site of Injury
      • 22.3.3 Clinical Problems in Acquired Stenosis of the Larynx and Trachea
      • 22.3.4 Assessment of Airway Stenosis
      • 22.3.5 Treatment of Airway Stenosis
    • 22.4 Acquired Disorders of the Vocal Fold
      • 22.4.1 Vocal Cord Palsy
      • 22.4.2 Mucosal Lesions of the Vocal Folds
    • 22.5 Key Points
  • 23. Tracheostomy
    • 23.1 Introduction
    • 23.2 Indications
    • 23.3 Emergency Tracheotomy
    • 23.4 Preoperative Planning
    • 23.5 Special Considerations in Children
    • 23.6 Technique
    • 23.7 Postoperative Care
    • 23.8 Complications
    • 23.9 Tracheostomy Tubes
    • 23.10 Home Care
    • 23.11 Decannulation
    • 23.12 Tracheocutaneous Fistula
    • 23.13 Key Points
• Part VI: Head and Neck
  • 24. Neck Masses in Children: Congenital Neck Disease
    • 24.1 Introduction
      • 24.1.1 Development of the Pharyngeal Arches
    • 24.2 Congenital Neck Masses
      • 24.2.1 Dermoid Cysts in the Neck
      • 24.2.2 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
    • 24.3 Pharyngeal Arch Disorders
      • 24.3.1 First Pharyngeal Arch Anomalies
      • 24.3.2 Second Pharyngeal (Branchial) Arch Anomalies
      • 24.3.3 Third and Fourth Arch Anomalies
    • 24.4 Vascular Malformations and Hemangiomas
      • 24.4.1 Hemangiomas
      • 24.4.2 Vascular Malformations
    • 24.5 Venous Malformations
    • 24.6 Teratomas
      • 24.6.1 Presentation
      • 24.6.2 Investigations
      • 24.6.3 Management
    • 24.7 Hamartomas
    • 24.8 Fibromatosis Colli
    • 24.9 Key Points
  • 25. Neck Masses in Children: Acquired Neck Masses
    • 25.1 Introduction
    • 25.2 Neck Masses in Children Who Are Acutely Unwell
      • 25.2.1 Clinical Assessment
      • 25.2.2 Acute Lymphadenitis
      • 25.2.3 Deep Neck-Space Infection
      • 25.2.4 Noninfective Inflammatory Conditions
    • 25.3 Neck Masses in Children Who Are Systemically Well
      • 25.3.1 Clinical Assessment
      • 25.3.2 Infective Causes
      • 25.3.3 Noninfective Inflammatory Conditions
      • 25.3.4 Tumors
    • 25.4 Key Points
  • 26. Salivary Gland Disorders in Childhood
    • 26.1 Introduction
    • 26.2 Congenital Disorders
      • 26.2.1 Anatomical Anomalies
      • 26.2.2 Congenital Tumors and Hamartomas
      • 26.2.3 Pharyngeal (Branchial) Arch Anomalies
      • 26.2.4 Parotitis in Cystic Fibrosis
    • 26.3 Acquired Salivary Gland Disorders
      • 26.3.1 Salivary Gland Trauma
      • 26.3.2 Inflammatory Disorders
      • 26.3.3 Pediatric Salivary Gland Tumors
    • 26.4 Pediatric Parotidectomy
    • 26.5 Sialorrhea (Drooling)
      • 26.5.1 Multidisciplinary Management
      • 26.5.2 Pharmacotherapy
      • 26.5.3 Surgical Management
    • 26.6 Key Points
  • 27. Ear, Nose, and Throat Problems in Cleft Lip and Palate
    • 27.1 Introduction
    • 27.2 Incidence
    • 27.3 Etiology
    • 27.4 Diagnosis
      • 27.4.1 Antenatal Diagnosis
      • 27.4.2 Diagnosis and Counseling at Birth
    • 27.5 Surgical Management of Cleft Lip and Palate
      • 27.5.1 Palate Repair
      • 27.5.2 Alveolar Bone Grafting
    • 27.6 ENT Problems in Cleft Lip and Palate
      • 27.6.1 Otitis Media with Effusion
      • 27.6.2 Tympanic Membrane Retraction and Cholesteatoma
      • 27.6.3 Nasal Deformity
      • 27.6.4 Airway Disorders
    • 27.7 Submucosal Cleft Palate
    • 27.8 Key Points
  • 28. Disorders of the Esophagus and Gastroesophageal Reflux
    • 28.1 Introduction
    • 28.2 Congenital Disorders
      • 28.2.1 Tracheoesophageal Fistula
      • 28.2.2 Esophageal Strictures,Web, and Rings
    • 28.3 Acquired Esophageal Disorders
      • 28.3.1 Esophageal Strictures
      • 28.3.2 Caustic Esophageal Damage
      • 28.3.3 Gastroesophageal Reflux
      • 28.3.4 Barrett’s Esophagus
      • 28.3.5 Eosinophilic Esophagitis
      • 28.3.6 Esophageal Foreign Body
      • 28.3.7 Infections
      • 28.3.8 Dysphagia and Regurgitation
      • 28.3.9 Esophageal Motility Disorders in Children
      • 28.3.10 Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
    • 28.4 Key Points
• Appendix: Strength of Clinical Evidence
• Index