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Оглавление
- CABI Series
- Endophyte Biotechnology Potential for Agriculture and Pharmacology
- Copyright
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Microbes: Ancient Allies in Sustaining Plant Life
- 1.2 The Plant Endosphere as Habitat for Microorganisms
- 1.3 Exploiting Endophytes
- 1.4 Aim of This Book
- References
- 2 Endophytic Fungi: Definitions, Diversity, Distribution and Their Significance in Plant Life
- 2.1 Endophytes Defined
- 2.2 How to Obtain and Analyse Fungal Endophytes from a Plant
- 2.3 Diversity of Fungal Endophytes
- 2.4 How Different Are Endophytic Fungi from Pathogenic Fungi?
- 2.5 The Influence of the Host Plant on Asymptomatic Proliferation
- 2.6 The Diversity and Distribution of Fungal Endophytes Inside a Plant
- 2.7 Ecological Roles of Endophytes in Plant Life
- 2.8 Competition between Endophytes and Pathogens
- 2.9 Competition among Endophytes
- 2.10 Mechanisms Involved in Endophyte-mediated Antagonism
- 2.10.1 Attacking and trapping
- 2.10.2 Competition for space and resources
- 2.10.3 Chemical antibiosis
- 2.10.4 Induced plant defences and tolerance
- 2.11 Conclusions and Outlook
- References
- 3 Sources, Niches and Routes of Colonization by Beneficial Bacterial Endophytes
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Below-ground Colonization Routes
- 3.2.1 From soil to inside roots
- 3.2.2 From roots to above-ground organs
- 3.3 Above-ground Colonization Routes
- 3.3.1 Colonization through stomata, other natural openings and wounds
- 3.3.2 Introduction by animal vectors
- 3.3.3 Transmission from plants to plants
- 3.4 Colonization of Reproductive and Disseminative Organs and Vertical Transmission
- 3.4.1 Colonization of flowers
- 3.4.2 Colonization of fruits
- 3.4.3 Colonization of seeds and transmission of endophytic bacteria to the plant offspring
- 3.5 Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 4 Analysing Seed Endophytes for Biotechnology
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Isolation of Seed Endophytes
- 4.2.1 Seed surface sterilization
- 4.2.2 Seed activation and extractionof endophytes
- 4.2.3 Assessment of yet uncultivable microorganisms
- 4.2.4 Phenotyping
- 4.3 Molecular Techniques for theAnalysis of Seed Endophytes
- 4.3.1 DNA extraction
- 4.3.2 Differentiation between livingand dead cells
- 4.3.3 DNA metabarcoding
- Primers and PCR reaction
- 16S rRNA
- Internal transcribed spacer
- High-throughput sequencing platforms
- Computational data analysis for microbial community reconstruction
- 4.3.4 Omics technologies
- Metagenomics
- Metatranscriptomics
- Metaproteomics
- Metabolomics
- Multi-omics approaches
- 4.4 Microscopic Visualizationof Seed Endophytes
- 4.4.1 Confocal laser scanningmicroscopy
- 4.4.2 Scanning electronmicroscopy
- 4.5 Concluding Remarks
- References
- 5 Mitigating Climate Impacts on Crop Production via Symbiosis
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Fungal Endophytes and Abiotic Stress Tolerance of Plants
- 5.3 Alternating Symbiotic Lifestyles of Fungal Endophytes
- 5.4 Endophyte Commercialization
- 5.5 BioEnsure® Field Performance
- 5.6 Climate Mitigation and the Future of Poverty, Food Security and Political Stability
- References
- 6 Endophytes as Novel Pest Control Agents: Myth or Reality?
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 The Nature of the Endophyte Literature
- 6.3 Endophyte Distributions within Plants
- 6.4 Endophytes and Insect Herbivores
- 6.5 Endophytes and Higher Trophic Levels
- 6.6 Endophytes and Plant Pathogens
- 6.7 Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 7 Improved Adaptation of Temperate Grasses through Mutualism with Fungal Endophytes
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Fungal Endophytes Found in Temperate Grasses
- 7.2.1 Obligate, systemic mutualists located in aerial tissues – Epichloë endophytes
- Discovering Epichloë endophytes
- Epichloë endophyte chemistry
- Benefits to the host plant from Epichloë endophyte associations
- Negative impacts of Epichloë endophytes on host plant adaptation
- Host responses to Epichloë endophyte associations
- Epichloë strain and host compatibility
- Epichloë persistence in the host
- 7.2.2 Facultative, systemic mutualists located in shoot and root tissue
- 7.2.3 Facultative, non-systemic endophytes located in shoot tissue
- 7.2.1 Obligate, systemic mutualists located in aerial tissues – Epichloë endophytes
- 7.3 Interactions between Endophytic Taxa in Temperate Grasses
- 7.4 Economic Importance of Fungal Endophytes in Temperate Grasses
- 7.5 The Future for Fungal Endophytes of Temperate Grasses
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 8 Interactive Effects of Co-occurring Epichloid Endophytes, Rhizobia and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Modulating Their Benefits to Grasses and Legumes
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Epichloid Endophytes of Grasses – a Private Symbiont with Multiple Effects within the Host Neighbourhood
- 8.3 Co-occurrence of Functionally Distinct Symbionts that Can Share the Same Host: Epichloid Endophytes and AMF
- 8.4 Co-occurrence of Functionally Distinct Symbioses that Can Share the Neighbourhood: Grass- Endophyte, Legume-Rhizobia and Mycorrhiza
- 8.5 Concluding Remarks: Multisymbioses Public Benefits that Impact on the Symbiosphere
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 9 Saving Resources: The Exploitation of Endophytes by Plants for the Biosynthesis of Multi-functional Defence Compounds
- 9.1 Plants Are a Poor Food Source
- 9.2 Plants and the Costs of Secondary Metabolism
- 9.2.1 Streamlining the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites
- 9.2.2 Sequestering: lowering the nutritional value of plants
- 9.3 Outsourcing of Secondary Metabolism through Endophytes
- 9.3.1 Phytohormones produced by microorganisms
- Indole acetic acid (IAA)
- IAA is more than a phytohormone alone
- Abscisic acid (ABA)
- Additional roles of ABA
- 9.3.2 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA)
- Additional roles of 4-HBA
- 9.3.1 Phytohormones produced by microorganisms
- Conclusions and Outlook
- References
- 10 Bioprospecting of Endophytes
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Cytotoxic Metabolites from Endophytes
- 10.3 Anti-infective Metabolites from Endophytes
- Conclusion
- References
- 11 Prospects for Biotechnological Exploitation of Endophytes Using Functional Metagenomics
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Functional Metagenomics of Endophytes
- 11.3 Natural Products from Endophytes
- 11.4 Enzymes from Endophytes
- 11.5 Conclusion
- References
- 12 Interplay Between Endophyte and Host Plant in the Synthesis and Modification of Metabolites
- 12.1 Short Introduction to the Levels of Interaction between Plants and Microbes
- 12.2 Role of Secondary Metabolites in Plants and Fungi
- 12.3 Potential of Endophyte–Plant Interactions to Synthesize Secondary Metabolites
- 12.3.1 Synthesis in plant and metabolism by fungus
- Potential of bioconversions by endophytic fungi for industrial applications
- 12.3.2 Synthesis in fungus and metabolism by plant
- 12.3.3 Sharing responsibilities: Plants and fungi contribute alike? The case of paclitaxel
- 12.3.1 Synthesis in plant and metabolism by fungus
- 12.4 Concluding Remarks
- References
- Index
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