Детальная информация

"The fifth edition of this important book reviews the recent advances in livestock mineral nutrition, updated throughout with new illustrations and references to reflect the growing complexity of mineral metabolism"--.

• Cover
• Mineral Nutrition of Livestock
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• 1 The Requirement for Minerals
  • Early Discoveries
  • Essentiality
  • Complexity
  • Functions
  • Multiplicity of Function
  • Multiplicity of Form and Location
  • Mineral Absorption
  • Mineral Uptake by Tissues
  • Net Requirements for Maintenance
    • Estimating maintenance needs on mineral-free diets
    • Estimating maintenance needs with mineral-rich diets
    • A new approach for measuring maintenance needs
  • Net Requirements for Work
  • Net Requirements for Reproduction
  • Net Requirements for Production
  • Mineral Needs for Growth
    • Differences between species in mineral needs for growth
  • Gross Requirements
    • Factorial models
    • Dietary trials
  • Criteria of ‘Requirement’
  • Disagreement on Requirements
  • Expression of Mineral Requirements
  • References
• 2 Natural Sources of Minerals
  • Soil Environment
    • Geographical associations
    • Local soil factors
  • Plant Genotype
    • Pasture and forage species
    • Grains and seeds
    • Browse species
    • Interactions between Soil and Plant Genotype
  • Intervention with Fertilizers
    • Phosphorus
    • Trace elements and sulfur
    • Lime, nitrogenous and potassic fertilizers
  • Maturity and Season
  • Soil Ingestion
  • Atmospheric and Industrial Inputs
  • Mineral Concentrations in Feeds
    • Analytical and experimental precision
    • Crops and forages
    • Crop by-products
  • Minerals in Drinking Water
  • Minerals in Milk
    • Differences between species and breeds
    • Effects of lactation and parity
    • Effects of diet and season
  • Animal By-products
  • Marine Sources of Minerals
  • Forms of Minerals in Feeds
  • Measuring the ‘Mineral Value’ of Feeds
  • Measuring Accessibility
  • Measuring Absorbability
    • Apparent absorption
    • ‘Standardized digestibility’
    • Ligated intestinal loops
    • Estimating true absorption using isotopes
    • Measuring retainability
    • Measuring functionality
    • Assessing mineral value in feed blends
  • Interactions between Minerals
    • Predicting outcomes of interactions
  • Mineral Cycles, Losses and Legacies
  • Notes
  • References
• 3 Mineral Status of Livestock
  • Feed Intake
    • Selective feed consumption
  • Clinical Signs of Abnormal Mineral Status
  • Biochemical Indicators of Low Mineral Status
    • Criteria of physiochemical dysfunction
    • Delineating marginal values
  • Choice of Sample
    • Blood, plasma or serum?
    • Secreta and excreta
    • Tissues and appendages
    • Products: milk and eggs
    • Functional and genomic indices of status
  • Balance between Minerals
  • Self-correction of Mineral Imbalance
  • Mineral Supplementation
    • Intervention with fertilizers
    • Adding minerals to rations
    • Free-access supplementation
    • Oral dosage
    • Slow-release formulations
    • Inorganic versus chelated (‘organic’) sources
    • Multi-element chelate supplementation in pigs and poultry
    • Multi-element chelate supplementation in ruminants
  • Over-correction of Mineral Deficits
    • Multi-element injections
  • Biochemical Indicators of Mineral Excess
  • Genomic and Proteomic Markers of Mineral Excess
  • Notes
  • References
• 4 Calcium
  • Introduction
  • Functions of Calcium
    • Development of the skeleton
    • The skeleton as a reservoir of calcium in ruminants
    • Dietary protein and the skeletal reserve
    • The calcium reservoir in avian species
    • Non-skeletal functions of calcium
  • Clinical Consequences of Acute Lack of Calcium
    • Milk fever in dairy cows
  • Subclinical Hypocalcaemia in Dairy Cows
  • Sub-Acute Clinical Hypocalcaemia (SACH)
    • Physiochemical changes due to acute and sub-acute lack of calcium
  • Prevention of Milk Fever and SACH in Housed Herds
    • Bolus dosage
    • Dietary acidification in housed herds
    • Dietary acidification in grazing herds
    • Other preventive measures
    • Prevention by selection and culling
    • Prevention by improving bone density
    • ‘Hypocalcaemia’ in other species
    • Treatment and prevention of hypocalcaemia
    • Sub-acute hypocalcaemia in other species
  • Consequences of Chronic Lack of Calcium
    • Growing ruminants and herbivores
    • Adult ruminants and herbivores
    • Growing pigs
    • Growing chicks
    • Changes in adult birds
  • Diagnosis of Calcium Imbalance
  • Natural Sources of Calcium
    • Forages
    • Concentrates
  • Control of Calcium Absorption
    • Growing birds
    • Growing pigs
    • Ruminants
    • Influence of net calcium flow to or from the skeleton
    • Correction for endogenous loss in pigs and poultry
    • Correction for endogenous loss in ruminants
  • Availability in Feeds and Supplements
    • Suggested rules for measurement
  • Calcium Absorbability in Feeds
    • Milk and milk replacers
    • Feeds for ruminants
    • Feeds for horses
  • Feeds and Supplements for Poultry
  • Feeds and Supplements for Pigs
  • Calcium Requirements
    • Sheep and cattle
    • Horses
    • Pigs
    • Poultry: meat production
    • Poultry: egg production
  • Prevention of Chronic Lack of Calcium
    • Poultry
    • Pigs
    • Ruminants
    • Calcium toxicity
  • Notes
  • References
• 5 Magnesium
  • Introduction
  • Functions
    • Tetany in cattle and sheep
    • Grass tetany in horses
    • Subclinical disorders in ruminants
  • Occurrence of Hypomagnesaemia and Tetany
    • Role of potassium fertilizers
    • Transition to pasture
    • Dietary change at parturition
    • Adverse weather
    • Transportation
  • Physiochemistry of Magnesium Insufficiency
    • Chronic depletion
    • Acute depletion
    • Deficiency
    • Dysfunction
  • Diagnosis of Hypomagnesaemia and Tetany
  • Treatment
  • Magnesium in Feeds
    • Milk and milk replacers
    • Forages
    • Magnesium in forage supplements
  • Magnesium Value of Feedstuffs for Ruminants
  • Absorption of magnesium from the rumen
  • Potassium inhibits absorption from the rumen
  • Effects of other cations and anions on absorption from the rumen
  • Absorption of magnesium beyond the rumen
    • Measuring absorbability
  • Availability of magnesium in forages
  • Availability of magnesium in mixed, dry diets
  • Availability of magnesium from diets containing silages
  • Magnesium Value of Feeds for Non-ruminants
  • Magnesium Requirements of Ruminants
    • Net requirements for maintenance
    • Net requirements for growth and milk production
    • Gross requirements
  • Prevention of Disorders
    • Magnesium fertilizers
    • Dietary magnesium supplements
    • Merits of different magnesium sources
    • Predictors
    • Restricting use of potassium fertilizers
    • Managing turnout
    • Genetic selection
  • Magnesium Requirements for Non-ruminants
    • Horses
    • Pigs
    • Pork quality
    • Poultry requirements
  • Magnesium Toxicity
  • Notes
  • References
• 6 Phosphorus
  • Functions of Phosphorus
  • Signs that Diets Lack Phosphorus
    • Poor appetite
    • Pica
    • Abnormalities of bones and teeth
    • Infertility in ruminants
  • Occurrence of Insufficiencies
    • In ruminants
    • In pigs and poultry
  • Physiochemical Changes on Diets Lacking Phosphorus
    • Depletion
    • Deficiency
    • Dysfunction
    • Disorder
    • Differential diagnosis
  • Phosphorus in Feeds
    • Milk and milk by-products
    • Cereals
    • Legume seed, oil seed and other by-products
    • Phosphorus Availability
    • Degradability of phytate phosphorus
    • Availability of phosphorus in phytate-rich feeds
    • ‘Standardized Digestibilities’ for Pigs
    • Standardized digestibilities for poultry
  • Dietary Requirements of Pigs
    • Requirements for maintenance
  • Requirements for growth
    • Requirements for boars, gilts and sows
    • Requirements for poultry
      • Growth
      • Egg production
  • Optimal Supplementation for Pigs and Poultry
    • Inorganic supplements
    • Phytase supplementation
    • Other supplements
  • Phosphorus in Feeds for Ruminants
    • Herbage
    • Selective grazing
    • Roughages and forage crops
    • Availability
    • Availability in Feeds for Herbivores
  • Requirements for Ruminants
    • Net requirements for maintenance
    • Net requirements for production
    • Gross requirements for cattle
    • Phosphorus requirements for small ruminants
    • Phosphorus requirements for horses
  • Preventing Insufficiency at Pasture
    • Agronomic methods
    • Nutritional supplements
  • Phosphorus Toxicity
  • Notes
  • References
• 7 Potassium
  • Functions of Potassium
  • Clinical Consequences of Deprivation
  • Natural Occurrence of Insufficiency
    • Hypokalaemia syndrome
  • Biochemical Changes on Diets Low in K
    • Depletion
    • Deficiency
    • Dysfunction
    • Diagnosis of Potassium Insufficiency
  • Potassium Requirements
    • Potassium availability
    • Ruminant requirements
    • Pig and poultry requirements
  • Dietary Sources of Potassium
    • Forages
    • Other feeds
  • Primary Potassium Toxicity
    • Accretion
    • Dysfunction
    • Disorder
  • Secondary Toxicity in Ruminants
    • Antagonism of sodium and magnesium
  • Acid–base Imbalance in Ruminants
    • Potassium, DCAD and Hypocalcaemia
    • Heat stress in ruminants
    • Prevention of secondary toxicity in ruminants
  • Secondary Toxicity in Pigs and Poultry
    • Acid–base imbalance
  • References
• 8 Sodium and Chloride
  • Functions
  • Clinical Signs of Lack of Dietary Sodium
  • Occurrence of Sodium Insufficiency
    • Low dietary sodium
    • High pasture potassium
    • Heat stress
    • Exercise in tropical climates
    • Gut infections
    • Lactation
  • Acid–Base Balance
    • Spontaneous turkey cardiomyopathy (STC)
  • Physiochemical Changes on Diets Lacking Salt
    • Sodium depletion in ruminants
    • Sodium deficiency in ruminants
    • Sodium and chloride deficiencies in non-ruminants
    • Dysfunction in all species
  • Diagnosis of Sodium Insufficiency in Ruminants
  • Dietary Sources of Sodium and Chloride
    • Sodium in forages
    • Chloride in forages
    • Sodium and chloride in concentrates
    • Drinking water
  • Requirements for Sodium and Chloride
    • Sodium needs of sheep
    • Sodium needs of cattle
    • Need for chloride in cattle
    • Goats and herbivores
    • Sodium and chloride needs of pigs
    • Poultry
  • Prevention of Sodium Deprivation
    • Supplementation of grazing livestock
  • Salt Toxicity in Ruminants
  • Tolerance of dietary sodium
    • Tolerance of saline drinking water
    • Sodium hydroxide-treated feeds
    • Ruminant production in saline environments
    • Constraints and prospects
    • Salt toxicity in pigs and poultry
  • Notes
  • References
• 9 Sulfur
  • Introduction
  • Functions
  • Clinical and Subclinical Insufficiency
  • Physiochemical Insufficiency
  • Diagnosis of Sulfur Insufficiency
  • Occurrence of Sulfur Deprivation
    • Plant factors
    • Animal factors
  • Sulfur Sources for Ruminants
    • Pasture and forages
    • Other feeds
  • Nutritive Value of Sulfur in Feeds
    • Rumen degradability of sulfur sources
    • Adaptation of rumen microflora to sulfur sources
    • Reducing rumen sulfide production
    • Capture of degraded sulfur in rumen microbial protein
    • Post-rumenal Metabolism
    • Retention
  • Sulfur Requirements of Ruminants
    • Needs for hair and wool production
    • Rumen microbial system for estimating sulfur requirements
    • Application and tests of rumen microbial needs
  • Avoidance of Sulfur Insufficiency
    • Fertilizers
    • Direct supplements
    • Nutritive value of inorganic sources
    • ‘Protected’ sulfur sources
  • Sulfide Toxicity in Cattle
    • Occurrence
    • Diagnosis
    • Prevention
  • Sulfide Toxicity in Sheep
    • Toxicity of organic sulfur compounds in ruminants
  • Sulfur Toxicity in Non-ruminants
  • Notes
  • References
• 10 Cobalt
  • Introduction
  • Functions of Vitamin Bl2
    • Succinate–propionate exchange
    • Methylation
  • Clinical Consequences of Cobalt Insufficiency
    • Ill-thrift and anaemia
    • Fatty liver diseases
    • Infertility and perinatal mortality
    • Disease susceptibility
  • Occurrence of Cobalt Insufficiency
    • Geographical distribution
    • Effects of species, gender and year
    • Effects of physiological state and energy substrate
  • Biochemical Consequences of Cobalt Deprivation
    • Normality
    • Depletion
    • Deficiency
    • Dysfunctional propionate metabolism
    • Dysfunctional methionine synthesis
    • Abnormal lipid metabolism
    • Rate-limiting function
  • Diagnosis of Cobalt Insufficiency
    • Liver and kidney vitamin B12
    • Total serum vitamin B12 in sheep
    • Serum vitamin B12 in cattle
    • ‘Functional B12’ in serum
    • Vitamin B12 in milk
    • Methylmalonic acid in plasma or serum
    • Indicators of abnormal methylation
    • Other indicators of dysfunction
  • Sources of Cobalt
    • Forages
    • Concentrates
    • Milk and milk products
  • Availability for Synthesis of B12
    • Effects of cobalt intake, source and delivery
    • Effect of species and food substrates
    • In vitro synthesis of vitamin B12
  • Cobalt Requirements
    • Production from grass
    • Production from cereals
    • Production of milk
  • Prevention and Control of Deprivation
    • Soil and pasture fertilizers
    • Dietary and oral supplements
    • Slow-release oral supplementation
    • Parenteral injection of vitamin B12
    • Cobalt sources
    • Protection from toxins
    • Non-ruminants
  • Cobalt Toxicity
  • Notes
  • References
• 11 Copper
  • Functions of Copper
    • Cellular respiration
    • Protection from oxidants
    • Iron metabolism
    • Functions of copper-binding proteins
  • Clinical Signs that Ruminants Lack Copper
    • Swayback
    • Abnormal structure and colour of wool and hair
    • Diarrhoea
    • Susceptibility to infection
    • Bone and connective tissue disorders
    • Anaemia
    • Cardiovascular disorders
    • Infertility
    • Subclinical Effects on Diets Lacking Copper
  • Occurrence of Copper-responsive Disorders
    • Influence of rumen metabolism
    • Geochemical factors
    • Plant factors
    • Seasonal factors
    • Genetic factors
    • Occurrence in horses
  • Biochemical Evidence of Insufficiency
    • Normality
    • Depletion
    • Deficiency
    • Dysfunction
    • Disorder
    • Physiochemical Changes of Moderate Molybdenum Exposure
    • Effects on growth and reproduction
  • Diagnosis of Hypocuprosis
    • Dietary copper and its antagonists
    • Liver copper
    • Plasma copper
    • Copper in blood and blood cells
    • Hair and fleece copper
    • Other possible criteria
  • Sources of Copper and Its Antagonists
    • Copper in pasture
    • Copper antagonists in and on pasture
    • Composition of concentrate feeds
    • Availability of Copper in Feeds for Ruminants
    • Copper–molybdenum–sulfur interactions
    • Copper–iron–manganese interactions
    • Other influences upon copper availability
  • Copper Requirements of Ruminants
    • Net requirements in sheep and cattle
    • Gross requirements for sheep: influence of diet
    • Gross requirements for sheep: influence of genotype
    • Gross requirements for cattle
    • Requirements of deer, goats and other ruminants
  • Avoiding Copper Insufficiency in Ruminants
    • Pasture fertilizers
    • Dietary supplementation: inorganic sources
    • Dietary supplementation: ‘organic’ sources
    • Oral drenching and parenteral dosage
    • Slow-release oral supplementation
    • Genetic selection
    • Minimizing antagonisms
  • Copper Poisoning in Sheep
    • Occurrence of haemolytic copper poisoning
    • Pre-haemolytic copper poisoning
    • Diagnosis of haemolytic copper poisoning
    • Genotype and tolerance
    • Treatment
    • Prevention
  • Copper Poisoning in Cattle and Goats
    • Occurrence in cattle
    • Occurrence in goats
    • Subclinical hepatotoxicity
    • Diagnosis
    • Prevention
  • Copper Nutrition of Non-ruminants
    • Gross requirements of pigs and poultry
  • Occurrence of Insufficiency in Non-ruminants
    • Gross copper requirements of horses
    • Pigs
    • Poultry
    • Laboratory animals
  • Copper as a Growth Promoter
  • Chronic Copper Poisoning in Pigs and Poultry
  • Notes
  • References
• 12 Iodine
  • Function of Iodine
  • Clinical Abnormalities Due to Lack of Dietary I
    • Goitre
    • Impaired fertility
    • Impaired fetal development and birth
    • Post-natal mortality and growth retardation
    • Disorders of the integument
    • Low milk yield
  • Occurrence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders
    • Geochemical and geographical factors
    • Soil–plant interactions
    • Occurrence in herbivores
    • Secondary iodine disorders
  • Physiochemical Features of Iodine Insufficiency
    • Normality
    • Depletion
    • Deficiency
    • Dysfunction
  • Physiochemical Effects of Goitrogens
  • Diagnosis of Iodine Deficiency Disorders
    • Thyroid morphology, histology and composition
    • Iodine in the bloodstream
    • T4 assays
    • T3 assays
    • Iodine in urine and milk
    • Conclusions on diagnostic guidelines
  • Sources of Iodine
    • Forages
    • Soil iodine
    • Other foodstuffs
    • Water
    • Milk and milk products
  • Sources of Goitrogens
    • Thyroperoxidase inhibitors
    • Deiodinase inhibitors
    • Goitrogenicity
    • Genetic selection
  • Metabolism of Goitrogens
  • Iodine Requirements on Goitrogen-free Diets
    • Ruminants
    • Herbivores
    • Pigs and poultry
  • Influence of Goitrogens on Iodine Requirements
    • Ruminants
    • Pigs and poultry
    • Inorganic goitrogens
  • Prevention and Control of Iodine Insufficiency
    • Oral supplementation
    • Slow-release methods
    • Countering goitrogenicity
  • Iodine Toxicity
    • Subclinical effects of moderate iodine exposure on neonates
  • Notes
  • References
• 13 Iron
  • Functions of Iron
  • Clinical Signs that Diets Lack Iron
    • Anaemia
    • Cognitive dysfunction
    • Susceptibility to infection
  • Occurrence of Dietary Iron Insufficiency
    • Neonatal anaemia
    • Abomasal ulceration in veal calves
  • Physiochemical Changes on Diets Lacking Iron
    • Normality
    • Depletion
    • Deficiency
    • Dysfunction
  • Diagnosis of Iron Insufficiency
    • Haematology
    • Serum and liver iron
    • Anaemia of infection
  • Dietary Sources of Iron
    • Grains, seeds and cereal by-products
    • Milk, milk by-products and other animal sources
    • Forages
  • Nutritive Value of Iron in Feeds
    • Methodology
    • Milk iron
    • Non-haem iron for chicks
    • Non-haem iron for pigs and ruminants
    • Haem iron for non-ruminants
  • Iron Requirements
    • Pigs
    • Poultry growth
    • Egg production
    • Sheep and cattle
  • Treatment of Iron Insufficiency in the Young
  • Prevention of Dietary Iron Insufficiency
    • Inorganic iron supplements
    • Chelated iron supplements
  • Toxicity of Iron
    • Mechanisms of toxicity
    • Diagnosis
    • Adverse subclinical interactions
  • Notes
  • References
• 14 Manganese
  • Functions of Manganese
    • Intermediary metabolism
    • Anti-oxidant defences
    • Cell regulation and inflammation
    • Immunity
    • Connective tissue development
    • Blood clotting
    • Untitled
    • Reproduction
    • Clinical Consequences of Manganese Insufficiency
    • Leg abnormalities
    • Reproductive disorders
  • Natural occurrence
  • Biochemical Changes when Diets Lack Manganese
  • Diagnosis of Manganese Insufficiency
  • Dietary Sources of Manganese
    • Seeds and grains
    • Protein supplements and sources
    • Forages
  • Availability of Manganese in Feeds
    • Antagonism from iron
    • Interaction with zinc and vitamin D
    • Antagonism from phytate and fibre
    • Effects of calcium and phosphorus
    • Experimental method
    • Milk and milk products
    • Availability of manganese in pig and poultry rations
    • Manganese availability in forages
  • Manganese Requirements: Common Problems
  • Manganese Requirements for Poultry
    • Meat production
    • Egg production and eggshell strength
    • Manganese Requirements for Pigs
    • Manganese Requirements for Cattle
    • Manganese Requirements for Sheep and Goats
  • Preventing Disorder with Inorganic Supplements
  • Chelated (‘organic’) sources of manganese
    • Differences between chelated sources
    • Interpreting newer indices of availability
    • Requirements for comparing manganese sources
  • Toxicity
    • Mechanisms
  • Notes
  • References
• 15 Selenium
  • Introduction
  • Functions of Selenium
    • Glutathione peroxidases
    • Iodothyronine 5′-deiodinase
    • Thioredoxin reductases
    • Selenophosphate synthetase
  • Clinical Abnormalities on Diets that Lack Selenium
    • Reproductive disorders
    • Peri- and post-natal mortality
    • Lowered disease resistance
    • Blood disorders
  • Occurrence of Selenium-responsive Disorders
    • Selenium status of soils and feeds
    • Vitamin E
    • Dietary oxidant stress in herbivores
    • Dietary oxidant stress in pigs and poultry
    • Endogenous oxidants
    • Toxins
    • Iodine status and cold stress
    • High dietary sulfur
  • Subclinical Effects of Insufficiency in Ruminants
    • Wool production
    • Growth retardation
    • Loss of milk yield
    • Cumulative effects
  • Physiochemical Changes on Diets Lacking Selenium
  • Normal metabolism
    • Effects of source, site and species
    • Maternal transfer
  • Biochemical Consequences of Insufficiency
    • Depletion
    • Deficiency
    • Dysfunctional antioxidant defences
    • Dysfunctional deiodination
    • Kidney dysfunction
  • Immunological Dysfunction
  • Diagnosis of Selenium-responsive Disorders
  • Indices of Functional Selenium Status
    • GPX in blood and serum
    • Indices of dysfunction
    • Indices of disorder
  • Non-functional indices of selenium status
    • Blood, plasma and milk selenium in ruminants
    • Tissue selenium
  • Dietary Sources of Selenium
    • Colostrum and milk
  • Nutritional Value of Dietary Sources
    • Availability in non- and pre-ruminants
    • Availability in ruminants
  • Selenium Requirements
  • Weaned herbivores
    • Pigs
    • Poultry
    • Genomic or antioxidant requirements?
  • Prevention and Control of Insufficiency
    • Soil and foliar treatments
    • Dietary supplementation
    • Parenteral and oral dosage
    • Slow-release oral supplements
  • Organic Supplements
  • Selenium Toxicity
  • Clinical signs
  • Natural occurrence
  • Physiochemical Abnormalities in Chronic Selenosis
  • Selenium Tolerance in Non-ruminants
  • Selenium Tolerance in Ruminants
  • Prevention and Control of Chronic Selenosis
  • Acute Selenium Toxicity
  • Notes
  • References
• 16 Zinc
  • Introduction
  • Functions of Zinc
    • Gene expression
    • Appetite control
    • Fat and protein absorption
    • Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defences
    • Immune defence
  • Bone remodelling, cardio-respiratory and kidney function
  • Clinical Consequences of Zinc Deprivation
    • Anorexia
    • Abnormalities of skin and appendages
    • Skeletal disorders
    • Reproductive disorders
    • Disease resistance
    • Accumulation of heavy metals
  • Occurrence of Zinc Insufficiency
    • Ruminants
    • Non-ruminants
  • Biochemical Consequences of Lack of Dietary Zinc
    • Zinc homeostasis
    • Depletion
    • Deficiency
    • Dysfunction
    • Disorder
  • Diagnosis of Chronic Lack of Dietary Zinc
    • Plasma and erythrocyte zinc
    • Zinc-dependent proteins and enzymes
    • Other indices
  • Natural Sources of Zinc
    • Forages
    • Concentrates
    • Milk and milk products
  • Availability of Zinc in Feeds
    • Availabilities as attributes of experiments
  • Availability of zinc in milk and by-products
  • Availability of zinc in feeds for pigs and poultry
    • Zinc availability in feeds for herbivores
  • Dietary Zinc Requirements
  • Pigs
  • Poultry
    • Egg production and breeding
  • Zinc requirements for cattle
    • Zinc requirements for sheep
    • Zinc requirements for goats
  • Zinc requirements for herbivores
  • Avoiding Zinc Insufficiency
    • Inorganic zinc supplements
    • Organic zinc sources for ruminants
    • Effects of chelation in newborn calves
    • Organic zinc sources for pigs and poultry
  • Pharmacological Responses to Zinc in Piglets
    • Facial eczema
  • Zinc Toxicity
    • Clinical toxicity
    • Subclinical toxicity
  • Notes
  • References
• 17 Occasionally Beneficial Elements
  • Boron
    • Essentiality
      • Poultry
      • Pigs
      • Ruminants
    • Sources
    • Metabolism
    • Toxicity
  • Chromium
    • Essentiality
    • Natural sources
    • Metabolism
    • Responses to Chromium Supplements
      • Responses in transported, vaccinated ruminants
      • Responses in heat-stressed ruminants
      • Responses in the unstressed bovine
      • Responses in lambs
      • Responses in pigs
      • Responses in unstressed avians
      • Responses in stressed avians
    • Requirements
    • Chromium status
    • Inorganic chromium as indigestible marker
    • Toxicity
  • Lithium
    • Essentiality
    • Sources
    • Metabolism and status
    • Toxicity
  • Molybdenum
    • Essentiality
    • Natural occurrence of molybdenum insufficiency
    • Sources for ruminants
    • Molybdenum metabolism in ruminants
    • Natural occurrence of molybdenum overload in cattle
      • ‘The thiomolybdate toxicity hypothesis’
      • Molybdenum overload in other grazing species
      • Therapeutic properties of thiomolybdates
      • Episodic thiomolybdate exposure
      • Molybdenum tolerance in non-grazing species
  • Nickel
    • Essentiality
      • Non-ruminants
      • Anaerobic bacteria
      • Ruminants
    • Sources
    • Metabolism
    • Requirements
    • Toxicity
  • Rubidium
    • Essentiality
    • Sources
    • Metabolism
    • Requirements and tolerance
  • Silicon
    • Essentiality
    • Sources
    • Metabolism
    • Anti-nutritional effects
  • Vanadium
    • Essentiality
    • Sources
    • Metabolism
    • Toxicity
  • References
• 18 Potentially Toxic Elements
  • Aluminium
    • Sources
    • Metabolism
    • Toxicity
      • Non-ruminants
      • Ruminants
  • Arsenic
    • Sources
    • Metabolism
    • Toxicity to animals
      • Acute toxicity
      • Chronic toxicity
  • Arsenic in edible animal products
  • Cadmium
    • Sources
      • Soils, pasture and crops
      • Superphosphates and sewage sludges
      • Absorption and metabolism
      • Retention and maternal transfer
      • Interactions
    • Chronic, primary toxicity in livestock
      • Secondary cadmium toxicity
    • Tolerance by livestock
      • Non-ruminants
      • Grazing livestock
    • Livestock as sources of cadmium exposure in humans
  • Fluorine
    • Sources
      • Pastures and crops
      • Phosphate supplements
      • Drinking water
      • Industrial and agricultural contamination
    • Metabolism
    • Toxicity
    • Tolerance to dietary fluorine
      • Pigs and Poultry
      • Sheep and cattle
    • Clinical signs of chronic fluorosis in ruminants
    • Biochemical evidence of fluorine exposure
      • Bone and tooth composition
      • Urine
      • Blood constituents
    • Treatment and prevention of fluorosis
    • Essentiality
  • Lead
    • Sources of chronic exposure
      • Dietary effects on lead availability
    • Metabolism
      • Transport and tissue distribution
      • Maternal transfer
    • Toxicity
    • Tolerance of chronic exposure
      • Pigs and poultry
      • Pre-ruminants and ruminants
      • Subclinical toxicity
    • Livestock as sources of lead exposure for humans
      • Residual effects and bioremediation of exposure
  • Mercury
    • Sources
    • Metabolism
      • Absorption
      • Distribution
    • Toxicity
      • Tolerance
      • Symptoms
      • Diagnosis
  • Newer ‘Essential’ Elements: Hormesis or Artefact?
    • Evidence for ‘essentiality’ in goats
    • Evidence for essentiality in other species
    • The theory of hormesis
    • Microbes and hormesis
    • Benefits from traces of potentially toxic elements
  • Notes
  • References
• 19 Predicting Mineral Responses
  • Uncertainties
  • Role of Dose–response Trials
  • Design of Dose–response Trials
    • Control groups
    • Control bias
  • Adequate Group Size
    • Avoidable constraints
  • Accurate Measurement
  • Repetition
    • Seasonality
  • Using Individual Variation (Covariance)
    • Non-linear relationships
  • Diagnostic Use of Group Responses
  • Selective Supplementation
  • Optimal Treatments
    • The ‘clustered treatment’ compromise
    • Re-examining unresponsive populations
  • New Insights from Old Data: Meta-analysis
  • New Insights from New, Genomic Criteria
  • References
• 20 Minerals and Humans
  • The ‘Mineral Footprint’
    • Maximum permissible and residual limits
    • Anomalies in maximum permitted levels
    • Copper and zinc footprints on pig and poultry farms
    • Copper footprints on dairy farms
    • Phosphorus footprints
  • Reducing the Phosphorus Footprint
    • Genetic manipulation of plants and microbes
    • Genetic manipulation of animals
    • Dietary manipulation for pigs and poultry
    • Dietary manipulation in ruminants
    • Recycling phosphorus
  • Reducing Other Mineral Footprints
    • Feeding to minimum mineral requirements
    • Chelated minerals – a false economy
  • Climate Change and Mineral Nutrition
    • Increased production of biofuel and other by-products
  • Enhancing ‘Mineral Value’ of Foods for Humans
    • Enhancing thyroid function
    • Enhancing antioxidant status
    • Selenium source, cancer prevention and treatment
    • Enhancing iron status
    • Enhancing calcium status
  • Enhancing the Sensory Value of Foods
    • Putting a price on functional and sensory value
    • New regulations on additives to animal feeds
  • Conflict between Anti-nutritional and Nutritional Properties
    • Selenium and polyunsaturated fatty acids
    • Phytate – friend or foe?
  • Conflict between Health Hazard Reduction and Animal Nutrition
    • Hazard labelling for mutagenic or carcinogenic but essential minerals
    • Maximum residual levels for potentially toxic elements
    • Permissible sources
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
• Appendices
  • Appendix 2
    • References
  • Appendix 3
  • Appendix 4
  • Appendix 5
  • Appendix 6
  • Appendix 1
• Index
• Cabi
• Back Cover