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Simulation and Optimization of Internal Combustion Engines provides the fundamentals and up-to-date progress in multidimensional simulation and optimization of internal combustion engines. While it is impossible to include all the models in a single book, this book intends to introduce the pioneer and/or the often-used models and the physics behind them providing readers with ready-to-use knowledge. Key issues, useful modeling methodology and techniques, as well as instructive results, are discussed through examples. Readers will understand the fundamentals of these examples and be inspired to explore new ideas and means for better solutions in their studies and work. Topics include combustion basis of IC engines, mathematical descriptions of reactive flow with sprays, engine in-cylinder turbulence, fuel sprays, combustions and pollutant emissions, optimization of direct-injection gasoline engines, and optimization of diesel and alternative fuel engines.

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Abbreviations
• Nomenclature
• Superscript
• Subscript
• 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Recent Progress and Outlook of Automotive Engines
    • 1.1.1 Achievement in Engine Performance and Emissions
    • 1.1.2 Future Development of IC Engines
  • 1.2 Roles of Multidimensional Engine Simulation
  • References
• 2 Combustion Basis of Internal Combustion Engines
  • 2.1 Thermodynamic Analysis
  • 2.2 Mixture Formation and Combustion in Spark-Ignition Gasoline Engines
  • 2.3 Combustion in Diesel Engines
  • 2.4 Advanced Concepts of Low-Temperature Combustion
  • References
• 3 Mathematical Description of Reactive Flow with Sprays
  • 3.1 Governing and Spray Equations
    • 3.1.1 Governing Equations of Gas Phase
    • 3.1.2 Spray Equation
  • 3.2 Numerical Methods
    • 3.2.1 The KIVA Code
    • 3.2.2 The CONVERGE Code
  • 3.3 Boundary Conditions
    • 3.3.1 General Description
    • 3.3.2 Velocity Law-of-the-Wall Function
    • 3.3.3 Temperature Wall Function and Wall Heat Transfer
  • References
• 4 In-Cylinder Turbulence
  • 4.1 Turbulence Features in Reciprocating Engines
    • 4.1.1 In-Cylinder Flows
    • 4.1.2 Turbulence Scales
  • 4.2 RANS Methodology and Classical k-ε Models
    • 4.2.1 RANS Methodology
    • 4.2.2 The Classical k-ε Model
  • 4.3 RNG k-ε Models
    • 4.3.1 RNG Methodology
    • 4.3.2 The RNG k-ε Model for Variable-Density Flows
    • 4.3.3 Other RNG k-ε Model Variants
  • 4.4 Large-Eddy Simulation
    • 4.4.1 LES Methodology and Sub-Grid Models
      • 4.4.1.1 Smagorinsky Model
      • 4.4.1.2 Dynamic Smagorinsky Model
      • 4.4.1.3 k-Equation Model
      • 4.4.1.4 Dynamic Structure Model
    • 4.4.2 Engine Simulation Examples
      • 4.4.2.1 Intake and In-Cylinder Flows
      • 4.4.2.2. Cycle-to-Cycle Combustion Variation
      • 4.4.2.3 Low-Temperature Spray Combustion
      • 4.4.2.4 Ignition Effects on DI Gasoline Combustion
      • 4.4.2.5 Stratified-Charge DI Gasoline Combustion
  • References
• 5 Fuel Sprays
  • 5.1 General Description
    • 5.1.1 Multidimensional Spray Modeling
    • 5.1.2 Structure Parameters of Sprays
  • 5.2 Spray Atomization
    • 5.2.1 Numerical Treatment of Fuel Injection
    • 5.2.2 Jet Atomization
    • 5.2.3 Sheet Atomization
  • 5.3 Drop Dynamics
    • 5.3.1 Secondary Breakup
    • 5.3.2 Collision and Coalescence
    • 5.3.3 Drag, Deformation, and Turbulent Dispersion
  • 5.4 Evaporation
    • 5.4.1 Single-Component Evaporation
    • 5.4.2 Multi-Component Evaporation
  • 5.5 Spray Wall Impingement
    • 5.5.1 Spray Impingement Regimes
    • 5.5.2 Post Impingement Outcomes
    • 5.5.3 Wall Film Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer
  • References
• 6 Combustion and Pollutant Emissions
  • 6.1 Overview
  • 6.2 Characteristic-Time Combustion Model
    • 6.2.1 Model Formulation
    • 6.2.2 Diesel Engine Combustion Simulation
  • 6.3 Flamelet Methods
    • 6.3.1 Level Set G-Equation Model
    • 6.3.2 SI Engine Combustion Simulation
  • 6.4 Sub-Grid Direct Chemistry Approach
    • 6.4.1 Description of the Method
    • 6.4.2 HCCI Combustion Simulation
  • 6.5 Chemical Reaction Mechanism and Its Reduction
  • 6.6 Ignition Models
    • 6.6.1 Spark Ignition
    • 6.6.2 Compression Ignition
  • 6.7 Models of NOx and Soot Emissions
    • 6.7.1 NOx Emission Models
    • 6.7.2 Soot Emission Models
    • 6.7.3 Model Predictions
  • References
• 7 Optimization of Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines
  • 7.1 Advanced Combustion Development Methodology
    • 7.1.1 Modeling-Driven Approach
    • 7.1.2 Overview of Optimization Algorithms
  • 7.2 CFD Codes and Software for IC Engines
  • 7.3 Direct-Injection Spray Characterization
  • 7.4 Mixing in Wall-Guided DI Systems
    • 7.4.1 Homogeneous Mixture Formation
      • 7.4.1.1 In-Cylinder Mixing Phenomena
      • 7.4.1.2 Mixture Homogeneity and Improvement
    • 7.4.2 Stratified-Charge Formation
  • 7.5 Soot and Hydrocarbon Emissions by Wall-Wettings
  • 7.6 Mixing in Spray-Guided and Turbocharged DI Systems
  • References
• 8 Optimization of Diesel and Alternative Fuel Engines
  • 8.1 Direct-Injection Diesel Engines
    • 8.1.1 Emissions Reduction by Multiple Injections
      • 8.1.1.1 NO Reduction Mechanism
      • 8.1.1.2 Soot Reduction Mechanism
    • 8.1.2 Geometry of Helical-Port and Combustion Chamber
    • 8.1.3 Emissions at Cold Start
  • 8.2 Alternative Fuel Engines
    • 8.2.1 Spark-Ignition Natural Gas Engines
    • 8.2.2 RCCI in Diesel–Natural Gas Dual-Fuel Combustion
    • 8.2.3 Combustion and NOx Emissions of Biodiesel Fuels
  • References
• Index
• About the Author