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Название De Gruyter textbook. — Suspension Concentrates: Preparation, Stability and Industrial Applications
Авторы Tadros Tharwat F.
Коллекция Электронные книги зарубежных издательств ; Общая коллекция
Тематика Suspensions (Chemistry) ; SCIENCE — Chemistry — Industrial & Technical. ; TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING — Chemical & Biochemical. ; Suspension ; Konzentrat ; (Produktform)Electronic book text ; (Zielgruppe)Fachhochschul-/Hochschulausbildung ; (BISAC Subject Heading)SCI013060 ; (BISAC Subject Heading)TEC021000: TEC021000 TECHNOLOGY / Material Science ; (BISAC Subject Heading)SCI010000: SCI010000 SCIENCE / Biotechnology ; TB: Textbook ; (VLB-WN)9687 ; (Produktrabattgruppe)PN: nicht rabattbeschränkt/Sortimentstitel ; EBSCO eBooks
Тип документа Другой
Тип файла PDF
Язык Английский
Права доступа Доступ по паролю из сети Интернет (чтение, печать, копирование)
Ключ записи ocn979883027
Дата создания записи 10.03.2017

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  • Preface
  • Contents
  • 1. General introduction
  • 2. Preparation of suspension concentrates by the bottom-up process
    • 2.1 Introduction
    • 2.2 Preparation of suspensions by precipitation
      • 2.2.1 Nucleation and growth
      • 2.2.2 Precipitation kinetics
      • 2.2.3 Seeded nucleation and growth
      • 2.2.4 Surface modification
      • 2.2.5 Other methods for preparation of suspensions by the bottom-up process
    • 2.3 Characterization of suspension particles
      • 2.3.1 Visual observations
      • 2.3.2 Optical microscopy
      • 2.3.3 Electron microscopy
      • 2.3.4 Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)
      • 2.3.5 Scanning probe microscopy (SPM)
      • 2.3.6 Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM)
      • 2.3.7 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
      • 2.3.8 Scattering techniques
    • 2.4 Measurement of charge and zeta potential
  • 3. Preparation of suspensions using the top-down process
    • 3.1 Wetting of the bulk powder
    • 3.2 Breaking of aggregates and agglomerates into individual units
    • 3.3 Wet milling or comminution
    • 3.4 Stabilization of the suspension during dispersion and milling and the resulting nanosuspension
    • 3.5 Prevention of Ostwald ripening (crystal growth)
  • 4. Electrostatic stabilization of suspensions
    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Structure of the solid/liquid interface
      • 4.2.1 Origin of charge on surfaces
      • 4.2.2 Specific adsorption of ions
    • 4.3 Structure of the electrical double layer
      • 4.3.1 Diffuse double layer (Gouy and Chapman)
      • 4.3.2 Stern–Grahame model of the double layer
    • 4.4 Electrical double layer repulsion
    • 4.5 Van der Waals Attraction
    • 4.6 Total energy of interaction
    • 4.6.1 Deryaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory
    • 4.7 Criteria for stabilization of suspensions with double layer interaction
  • 5. Steric stabilization of suspensions
    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Adsorption and orientation of nonionic surfactants at the solid/liquid interface
    • 5.3 Polymeric surfactant adsorption
    • 5.4 Interaction between particles containing adsorbed surfactant layers
  • 6. Flocculation of suspensions
    • 6.1 Introduction
    • 6.2 Kinetics of flocculation of electrostatically stabilized suspensions
      • 6.2.1 Diffusion limited aggregation (fast flocculation kinetics)
      • 6.2.2 Potential limited aggregation (slow flocculation kinetics)
      • 6.2.3 Weak (reversible) flocculation
      • 6.2.4 Orthokinetic flocculation
      • 6.2.5 Aggregate structure
    • 6.3 Flocculation of sterically stabilized dispersions
      • 6.3.1 Weak flocculation
      • 6.3.2 Incipient flocculation
      • 6.3.3 Depletion flocculation
      • 6.3.4 Bridging flocculation by polymers and polyelectrolytes
  • 7. Ostwald ripening in suspensions
    • 7.1 Driving force for Ostwald ripening
    • 7.2 Kinetics of Ostwald ripening
    • 7.3 Thermodynamic theory of crystal growth
    • 7.4 Molecular-kinetic theory of crystal growth
    • 7.5 The influence of dislocations on crystal growth
    • 7.6 Influence of impurities on crystal growth and habit
    • 7.7 Polymorphic changes
    • 7.8 Crystal growth inhibition
  • 8. Sedimentation of suspensions and prevention of formation of dilatant sediments
    • 8.1 Introduction
    • 8.2 Sedimentation rate of suspensions
      • 8.2.1 Very dilute suspensions
      • 8.2.2 Moderately concentrated suspensions
      • 8.2.3 Concentrated suspensions
      • 8.2.4 Sedimentation of flocculated suspensions
      • 8.2.5 Sedimentation in non-Newtonian fluids
    • 8.3 Prevention of sedimentation and formation of dilatant sediments
      • 8.3.1 Balance of the density of the disperse phase and medium
      • 8.3.2 Reduction of particle size
      • 8.3.3 Use of high molecular weight thickeners
      • 8.3.4 Use of “inert” fine particles
      • 8.3.5 Use of mixtures of polymers and finely divided particulate solids
      • 8.3.6 Controlled flocculation (“self-structured” systems)
      • 8.3.7 Depletion flocculation
      • 8.3.8 Use of liquid crystalline phases
  • 9. Rheology of suspensions
    • 9.1 Introduction
    • 9.2 Rheological techniques
      • 9.2.1 Steady state measurements
      • 9.2.2 Rheological models for analysis of flow curves
      • 9.2.3 Time effects during flow – thixotropy and negative (or anti-) thixotropy
      • 9.2.4 Constant stress (creep) measurements
      • 9.2.5 Dynamic (oscillatory) measurements
    • 9.3 Rheology of suspensions
      • 9.3.1 Dilute suspensions (? = 0.01) – the Einstein equation
      • 9.3.2 Moderately concentrated suspensions (0.2 > ? > 0.01) – the Bachelor equation
      • 9.3.3 Rheology of concentrated suspensions
  • 10. Nonaqueous suspension concentrates
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 Stability of suspensions in polar media
    • 10.3 stability of suspensions in nonpolar media
    • 10.4 Characterization of the adsorbed polymer layer
    • 10.5 Theory of steric stabilization
    • 10.6 Criteria for effective steric stabilization
    • 10.7 Settling of suspensions and preventing the formation of dilatant sediments
    • 10.8 Examples of suspending agents that can be applied for prevention of settling in nonaqueous suspensions
    • 10.9 Emulsification of oil-based suspensions
    • 10.10 Mechanism of spontaneous emulsification and the role of mixed surfactant film
    • 10.11 Polymeric surfactants for oil-based suspensions and the choice of emulsifiers
    • 10.12 Emulsification into aqueous electrolyte solutions
    • 10.13 Proper choice of the antisettling system
    • 10.14 Rheological characteristics of the oil-based suspensions
  • 11. Characterization, assessment and prediction of stability of suspensions
    • 11.1 Introduction
    • 11.2 Assessment of the structure of the solid/liquid interface
      • 11.2.1 Double layer investigation
    • 11.3 Measurement of surfactant and polymer adsorption
    • 11.4 Assessment of sedimentation of suspensions
    • 11.5 Assessment of flocculation and Ostwald ripening (crystal growth)
      • 11.5.1 Optical microscopy
      • 11.5.2 Sample preparation for optical microscopy
      • 11.5.3 Particle size measurements using optical microscopy
      • 11.5.4 Electron microscopy
      • 11.5.5 Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)
      • 11.5.6 Scanning probe microscopy (SPM)
      • 11.5.7 Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM)
      • 11.5.8 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
      • 11.5.9 Scattering techniques
    • 11.6 Measurement of rate of flocculation
    • 11.7 Measurement of incipient flocculation
    • 11.8 Measurement of crystal growth (Ostwald ripening)
    • 11.9 Bulk properties of suspensions, equilibrium sediment volume (or height) and redispersion
    • 11.10 Application of rheological techniques for the assessment and prediction of the physical stability of suspensions
      • 11.10.1 Rheological techniques for prediction of sedimentation and syneresis
      • 11.10.2 Role of thickeners
      • 11.10.3 Assessment and prediction of flocculation using rheological techniques
      • 11.10.4 Examples of application of rheology for assessment and prediction of flocculation
  • 12. Application of suspensions in pharmacy
    • 12.1 Introduction
    • 12.2 Particle size reduction
    • 12.3 Dispersion and stabilization of the drug suspension
    • 12.4 Colloid stability of pharmaceutical suspensions
    • 12.5 Prevention of Ostwald ripening (crystal growth)
    • 12.6 Prevention of particle settling and suspension separation
    • 12.7 Oral suspensions
    • 12.8 Parenteral suspensions
    • 12.9 Ophthalmic suspensions
    • 12.10 Topical suspensions
    • 12.11 Reconstitutable suspensions
  • 13. Applications of suspensions in cosmetics and personal care
    • 13.1 Introduction
    • 13.2 Suspensions in sunscreens
    • 13.3 Suspensions in colour cosmetics
    • 13.4 Lipsticks and lip balms
    • 13.5 Nail polish
    • 13.6 Antiperspirants and deodorants
    • 13.7 Foundations
    • 13.8 Liquid detergents
  • 14. Application of suspensions in paints and coatings
    • 14.1 Introduction
    • 14.2 The disperse particles
    • 14.3 The dispersion medium and film formers
    • 14.4 Deposition of particles and their adhesion to the substrate
    • 14.5 Flow characteristics (rheology) of paints
  • 15. Application of suspensions in agrochemicals
    • 15.1 Introduction
    • 15.2 Preparation of suspension concentrates and the role of surfactants/dispersing agents
    • 15.3 Control of the physical stability of agrochemical suspension concentrates
    • 15.4 Ostwald ripening (crystal growth)
    • 15.5 Stability against claying or caking
  • Index

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