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Аннотация
CCA countries achieved gains in inclusiveness over the past 20 years as incomes increased and poverty, inequality, and unemployment declined. Most of the progress occurred before the 2008-09 global financial crisis. Since then, poverty rates have barely moved and, for oil importers, remain elevated.
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Оглавление
- Cover
- Contents
- Executive Summary
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Progress in Promoting Inclusive Growth in the CCA Region
- 3. Reorienting Fiscal Policy to Support Inclusive Growth
- 4. Supporting Financial Inclusion
- 5. Strengthening Governance and the Business Environment
- 6. Concluding Remarks
- Annex 1. The CCA Region and Peer Comparisions
- Annex 2. Inclusive Growth Strategies in CCA Countries
- References
- Boxes
- Box 1. Policy Actions to Raise Revenues
- Figures
- Figure 1. Growth, Inflation, and Dependency Ratios
- Figure 2. Poverty, Inequality, and Unemployment
- Figure 3. Female Labor Force Participation
- Figure 4. Gender Equality
- Figure 5. Per Capita Growth, Productivity, and Labor Force Participation
- Figure 6. Investment and Industry Value Added
- Figure 7. Social Protection Spending, Bottom 40 Percent
- Figure 8. Government Expenditure
- Figure 9. Health and Education Expenditure and Outcomes
- Figure 10. Expected and Learning-Adjusted Years of Schooling, 2018
- Figure 11. Infrastructure Investment Needs
- Figure 12. Size of the Shadow Economy, 2015
- Figure 13. Subsidies, Wage Bill, Taxes, and Revenues
- Figure 14. Open Budget Index, 2017
- Figure 15. Budget Oversight by Legislature and Audit
- Figure 16. Household and Small and Medium Enterprise Financial Inclusion Indicators
- Figure 17. Impact of Small and Medium Enterprise Financial Inclusion on GDP, Employment, and Inequality
- Figure 18. SME Financial Inclusion and Macroeconomic Policy Effectiveness
- Figure 19. Adults Saving by Method Used, 2017
- Figure 20. Capital Markets in the CCA Region
- Figure 21. Product Market
- Figure 22. Ease of Doing Business, Competitiveness, and Governance
- Figure 23. Institutions, Competition, and Innovation
- Annex Figure 1.1. Composition of CCA Region by PPP GDP
- Annex Figure 1.2. CCA and Choice of Peers: Growth and GDP per Capita
- Tables
- Table 1. World Bank Doing Business Indicators 2018: Paying Taxes
- Table 2. Corporate Income Tax and Value-Added Tax Rates, Productivity, Efficiency, and Thresholds
- Table 3. Development and Inclusion Gaps
- Annex Table 2.1. The Bank of Jamaica Explains Inflation Targeting
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