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Оглавление
- front-matter
- Table of Contents
- Preface
- 1
- Recent Advances in Enzyme Immobilization in Nanomaterials
- 1. Enzymes and their uses/ applications/ functions
- 1.2 Definition of enzyme
- 1.2 History & etymology of enzymes
- 1.3 Nomenclature
- 1.4 Enzyme activity
- 1.5 Sequence similarity
- 1.6 Chemical structure
- 1.6.1 Co-factor
- 1.6.2 Co-enzymes
- 1.6.3 Inhibitor
- 1.6.3.1 Competitive
- 1.6.3.2 Non-competitive
- 1.6.3.3 Uncompetitive
- 1.6.3.4 Mixed
- 1.6.3.5 Irreversible
- 1.6.4 Functions of inhibitors
- 1.7 Mechanism of enzymes working
- 1.7.1 Substrate binding
- 1.7.2 "Lock and key" model
- 1.7.3 “Induced fit” model
- 1.7.4 Catalysis
- 1.7.5 Dynamics
- 1.7.6 Substrate presentation
- 1.7.7 Allosteric modulation
- 1.8 Factor affecting enzymes activity
- 1.9 Functions
- 1.9.1 Biological functions
- 1.9.1.1 Metabolism
- 1.9.1.2 Control activity
- 1.9.1.2.1 Regulation
- 1.9.1.2.2 Post-translational modification
- 1.9.1.2.3 Quantity
- 1.9.1.2.4 Subcellular distribution
- 1.9.1.2.5 Organ specialization
- 1.9.2 Industrial applications
- 2. Different methods for enzymes immobilization in nanomaterials
- 2.1 Adsorption
- 2.2 Covalent bonding
- 2.3 Entrapment
- 2.4 Cross-linking
- 2.5 Bio-affinity interactions and other techniques
- 3. Enzymes immobilization on different nanomaterial
- 3.1 Immobilization of carbonaceous nanomaterials
- 3.2 Carbon nanotube
- 3.2.1 Graphene
- 3.2.2 Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide
- 3.3 Immobilization on metal/metal oxides nanomaterials
- 3.3.1 Metal nanomaterial
- 3.3.2 Metal hydroxide
- 3.3.3 Metal oxide nanomaterials
- 3.4 Immobilization of conductive polymers
- 3.5 Enzyme immobilization on other materials
- 4. Application of immobilized enzymes on nanomaterials
- 4.1 Electrochemical sensing applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials
- 4.1.1 Amperometric biosensors
- 4.1.2 Potentiometric biosensors
- 4.1.2.1 Ion selective electrode
- 4.1.2.2 Enzyme field-effect transistors
- 4.1.2.3 Light addressable potentiometric sensors
- 4.1.3 Conductometry
- 4.1.4 Impedimetric enzyme biosensors
- 4.2 Fuel cell applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials
- 4.3 Bio-sensor applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials
- 4.4 Enzyme nanoparticles for biomedical application
- 4.4.1 Thrombolytic therapy
- 4.4.2 Oxidative stress and tnflammation therapy
- 4.4.3 Antibacterial treatment
- 4.5 Water contaminants treatment applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials
- 4.5.1 Removal of emerging content
- 4.5.2 Disinfection
- 4.6 Water contaminants monitoring applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials
- 4.6.1 Bacterial approach
- 4.6.2 Colorimetric approach
- 4.6.3 Electro-enzymatic approach
- 4.7 Other applications of immobilized enzymes on nanomaterials
- Conclusion
- References
- 2
- Production, Properties and Applications of Materials-based Nano-Enzymes
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Production and properties of nanomaterial-based enzymes
- 2.1 Chemical synthesis of nanomaterial-based enzymes
- 2.2 Physical synthesis of nanomaterial-based enzymes
- 2.3 Biological synthesis of nanomaterial-based enzymes
- 2.4 Properties of nanomaterial-based enzymes
- 3. Application of nanomaterial-based enzymes in the food industry
- 3.1 Carbon-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors
- 3.2 Zinc oxide-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors
- 3.3 Magnetite-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors
- 3.4 Copper cluster-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors
- 3.5 Noble metal-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors
- 4. Challenges and prospects
- Conclusions
- References
- 3
- Use of Nanomaterials-Based Enzymes in the Food Industry
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Nanozymes and its features
- 3. Catalytic mechanism of nanomaterials based enzymes
- 4. Nanomaterials-based enzymes for food analysis
- 4.1 Metal oxide-based
- 4.2 Metal-based nanozymes
- 4.3 Metal-organic frameworks based nanozymes
- 4.4 Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP)-Based
- 4.5 Carbon-based nanozymes
- 5. Schemes to improve substrate specificity of nanozymes
- 6. Some other applications in the food industry
- 6.1 Intentional adulteration
- 6.2 Detection system for insecticides
- 6.3 Design for detection of gram negative bacterium
- 6.4 Detection of ethanol
- 6.5 Mycotoxins
- 6.6 Other food contaminants detection
- 6.6.1 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
- 6.6.2 Hydroquinone (H2Q)
- 6.6.3 Arsenic-III
- 6.6.4 Norovirus (NoV)
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 4
- Nanomaterials Supported Enzymes: Environmental Applications for Depollution of Aquatic Environments
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Enzymes
- 3. Sources of enzymes and their applications
- 4. Enzyme immobilization
- 5. Methods of Immobilization
- 5.1 Adsorption
- 5.2 Entrapment
- 5.3 Covalent binding
- 5.4 Cross-linking
- 6. Nanosupports for enzyme immobilization
- 6.1 Silica nanosupports
- 6.2 Carbon nanosupports
- 6.3 Metallic nanosupports
- 7. Applications of nanosupported enzymes in the depollution of aquatic environment
- 7.1 Water treatment applications
- 7.1.1 Eradication of emerging pollutants
- 7.1.2 Disinfection
- 7.2 Water monitoring applications
- 7.2.1 Electro-enzymatic method
- 7.2.2 Colorimetric method
- 7.2.3 Bacterial monitoring
- Conclusion and Future Perspectives
- References
- 5
- Enzyme Immobilized Nanoparticles Towards Biosensor Fabrication
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Enzyme immobilized nanomaterials
- 2.1 Metal nanomaterials
- 2.2 Metal oxide nanomaterials
- 2.3 Carbon-derived nanomaterials
- 2.4 Polymeric nanomaterials
- 2.5 Nanocomposites
- 3. Enzyme immobilized nanomaterial-based biosensors and their applications
- 3.1 Electrochemical biosensors
- 3.2 Optical biosensors
- 3.3 Piezoelectric and gravimetric biosensor
- 3.4 Magnetic biosensors
- 4. Future perspectives
- Conclusions
- References
- 6
- Applications of Nanoparticles-based Enzymes in the Diagnosis of Diseases
- 1.1 Nanomaterials
- 1.2 Enzymes
- 1.3 Nanomaterials supported enzymes (NSEs)
- 2. Applications of nanomaterial supported enzymes (NSEs)
- 2.1 Role of NSEs in disease diagnosis and therapeutics
- 2.2 Use of NSEs in therapeutic
- 2.3 Applications of NSEs in biofilms and tumor prevention/disruption
- 2.4 The NSEs as enzymes inhibitors
- 2.5 Enzymatic Inhibition
- 2.6 Nanozymes for Inactivation/Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2
- 3. Role in biology and medicine
- 4. Nanozymes for sensing applications
- 5. Cancer tumor and bacterial detection
- 6. Imaging, diagnostics and biomarker monitoring
- 7. Role in HIV reactivation
- 8. Nanozymes for live cell and organelle imaging
- 9. The role of nanozymes in cardiovascular diseases (CVDS)
- 10. Diagnosis of CVDs
- 11. Applications of Nanozymes in the treatment of CVDs
- 12 The role of nanozymes in cyto-protecting
- 13. Advances of nanozymes in the neural disorders
- 14. Future prospects of NSEs
- Conclusions
- References
- Applications of Nanoparticles-based Enzymes in the Diagnosis of Diseases
- 7
- Drug Delivery using Nano-Material based Enzymes
- 1. Introduction to Nanozymes
- 2. Categorical distribution of nanozymes based on material type
- 2.1 Metal-based nanozymes
- 2.2 Fe-based nanozymes
- 2.3 Carbon-based nanozymes
- 3. Major Classes of nano-enzyme based on mode of action
- 3.1 Antioxidant nanozymes
- 3.2 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) antioxidant nanozymes
- 3.3 Pro-oxidant nanozymzes
- 4. Nanoparticles with enzyme-responsive linker
- 5. Nanozymes preparation
- 5.1 Hydrothermal method
- 5.2 Solvothermal method
- 5.3 Co-precipitation method
- 6. Development of endogenous enzyme-responsive nanomaterials
- 6.1 Synthesis of nanomaterials with enzyme-responsive core
- 6.2 Nanoparticles construction with enzyme responsive crown
- 6.3 Modification of nanomaterials with enzyme responsive linker
- 6.4 Nanoparticles and enzyme-responsive ligands
- 7. Factors affecting nanozymes activity
- 7.1 Morphology
- 7.2 Size
- 7.3 Surface modifications
- 8. Therapeutic applications of nanozymes
- 8.1 Cytoprotection
- 8.2 Nano carriers
- 8.3 Nanozymes as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antibiofilm agents
- 8.4 Nanomaterials based targeted drug delivery to overcome tuberculosis (TB)
- 8.5 Anti-tumor drug delivery via enzyme-responsive NPs
- 9. Limitations of nanozymes
- Conclusion
- References
- 8
- Biomedical uses of Enzymes Immobilized by Nanoparticles
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Enzymes immobilization methods
- 3. Choice of supports
- 3.1 Entrapment
- 3.2 Crosslinking
- 3.3 Covalent attachment
- 3.4 Adsorption
- 4. Carrier bound method: general concept
- 5. Degradation of dye pollutants
- 6. Fe3O4 along with L-asparaginase
- 7. Chitin and chitosan support material for immobilization
- 7.1 Biomedical applications
- 8. Zinc oxide nano-particles
- 9. Modern applications
- 9.1 Biosensor
- 9.2 MnFe2O4@SiO2@PMIDA magnetic nanoparticles for antibody immobilization
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 9
- Use of Nanomaterials-based Enzymes in Vaccine Production and Immunization
- 1. Intrоduсtiоn
- 2. Enzymes
- 2.1 Hоw enzymes wоrk
- 2.2 Natural and Artificial Enzymes
- 3. Nаnоzymes
- 4. Nаnоzymes in vассine рrоduсtiоn аnd immunizаtiоn
- 4.1 Nаnоmаteriаl-bаsed enzymes in vассine рrоduсtiоn
- 4.1.1 Nаnоflu
- 4.1.2 СОVID-19 vассine
- 4.2 Nanomaterial-based enzymes in immunization
- References
- back-matter
- Keyword Index
- About the Editors
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