21 papers present a holistic perspective on the research and public value of the site of Jericho - an iconic site with a long and impressive history stretching from the Epipalaeolithic to the present day. Covering all aspects of archaeological work from past to present and beyond, they re-evaluate and assess the legacy of this important site.

• Title Page
• Copyright page
• Contents Page
• Cover
• Back cover
• Preface: Digging Up Jericho
  • Bill Finlayson
• Part I – Past The Jericho Excavations in Historical Context
  • Dorothy Marshall (right) and Maggie Tushingham processing archaeological finds in the Jericho dighouse during the 1952 field season. Copyright UCL Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho 1952.J17).
  • Jericho in the Collections of the Palestine Exploration Fund
    • Felicity Cobbing
  • Figure 1. Two photographs taken by Corporal Henry Phillips R. E. in 1867 of aqueduct bridges over the Wadi Nueima, north of Jericho. Courtesy of the PEF archives (top: PEF-P-827, bottom: PEF-P-824).
  • Figure 2. Sections of Warren’s excavations at Tell es-Sultan, drawn by Corporal Cock R.E. sometime between February and March 1868. Courtesy of the PEF archives (PEF-DA-WAR-31-61.1).
  • Figure 3. Drawings of pottery from Jericho from the 1867 Warren Expedition. Courtesy of the PEF archives (top: PEF-DA-JER-WAR-61-36.2, bottom: PEF-DA-JER-WAR-62.27).
  • Figure 4. Some of the Middle Bronze Age and Islamic period artefacts from the Warren Expedition illustrated in Figure 3. Courtesy of the PEF archives (top: artefact numbers PEF-A0-2718 and PEF-A0-2717, bottom: PEF-AO-3309 and PEF-AO-3277).
  • Figure 5. Original field tracing of the Jericho region from the Survey of Western Palestine. Drawn by Claude Conder on 2 December 1873. Courtesy of the PEF archives (PEF-M-WS-136).
  • Figure 6. Claude Conder at ʿAin es-Sultan. Photograph by H. H. Kitchener, 1874. Courtesy of the PEF archives (PEF-P-3574).
  • Figure 7. Watercolour and sketches by Claude Conder of frescoes, inscriptions and architecture at various monastic sites in the Jericho region. Courtesy of the PEF archives (PEF-DA-WS-572.9.1).
  • Figure 8. Original plans of monasteries in the Jericho region from the Survey of Western Palestine. Courtesy of the PEF archives (PEF-DA-WS-572.7.1, 572.3, and 572.2).
  • Figure 9. Original field tracing showing ancient road network in the Jericho area by the Survey of Western Palestine. Courtesy of the PEF archives (PEF-M-WS-131).
  • Figure 10. View of ‘M Building’ excavations at Jericho from ‘Spring Hill’. Photograph by John Garstang, 1933. Courtesy of the PEF archives (PEF-P-JER-GAR-Album J33 pl. 12.2).
  • Figure 11. Technician at work on a pottery deposit in the ‘Palace Store Rooms’. Photograph by John Garstang, 1933. Courtesy of the PEF archives (PEF-P-JER-GAR-J33 PSR 36.2).
  • Figure 12. A page from one of Garstang’s photograph albums, showing photographs of an area in the ‘Palace Store Rooms’ (Rooms 41 and 42) excavated in 1933, with an accompanying sketch map showing the location of each photograph. Courtesy of the PEF archiv
  • Figure 13. A page from one of Garstang’s object record albums, showing artefacts excavated from Tomb 13 ‘Layer b’. Courtesy of the PEF archives (PEF-P-JER-GAR-Object Album ‘Tomb 13. Layer b, 3’ pl. 2).
  • Figure 14. Drawings of rim sherds from Garstang’s excavations. Courtesy of the PEF archives (PEF-DA-JER-GAR-691).
  • Figure 16. Reconstructive drawing of the fated walls of Jericho as envisaged by the excavators. Courtesy of the PEF archives (PEF-DA-JER-GAR-418).
  • Figure 15. Watercolour of one of the ‘Palace Store Rooms’ as excavated. Signed ‘RJ’. Courtesy of the PEF archives (PEF-DA-JER-GAR-417).
  • Jericho in the Media
    • Rachael Thyrza Sparks
  • Figure 1. Clippings file, showing a rare colour spread published in the Illustrated London News in 1935. The face vase had appeared in an earlier article, dramatized as a possible portrait of a Hyksos leader (Illustrated London News 1933, 994). Copyright
  • Figure 2. Comparative outputs for the three excavation projects, as reported in The Times and the Illustrated London News. Individual word counts were recorded for each year, then an average obtained based on the duration of the projects.
  • Figure 3. Plastered skull in situ. This image was used to illustrate an article about the seven plastered skulls found at the end of the 1953 field season (The Times 1953a); one of the rare occasions where this newspaper illustrated its Jericho reports. C
  • Figure 4. Producer Paul Johnstone, cameraman Leonard Newson and his assistant Eddie Best filming The Walls of Jericho episode of Buried Treasure in March 1956. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho 1956.100).
  • Figure 5. One of the scenes Johnstone chose to illustrate dig routines featured workers ascending from the dighouse to the tell (BBC 1956, 5:53). This colour photo shows a similar scene with Kenyon standing at the centre of the image, with the stairs lead
  • Figure 6. Reconstruction view of Jericho city IV, by Mabel Ratcliffe; painted in 1939, and published as the frontispiece in Garstang and Garstang (1940). An almost identical image was previously published in the Illustrated London News in 1933 (Garstang 1
  • Figure 7. Michael Ricketts’ reconstruction of a Canaanite house interior at Jericho. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho).
  • Figure 8. Hoping for a ‘newsy find’: Terry Ball drawing wooden table 2 from tomb P19; for the finished drawing, see Kenyon 1965, fig. 200. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho S2 R20A 27).
  • Figure 9. One of David Spurgeon’s photographs showing activity around Elisha’s Fountain, (published in Spurgeon 1956c). Courtesy of the Non-Professional Archaeological Photographs project (cSpurgeonpSultan9).
  • The Photographic Methodology of Kenyon’s Jericho
    • Stuart Laidlaw †
  • Figure 1. Nancy Lord, photographer at Jericho from 1952–1954. Photograph courtesy of B. Morant (private archive).
  • Figure 2. Peter Dorrell examining stone tools in the Jericho storeroom. As well as being site photographer, his research into the Jericho groundstone assemblage formed part of the final site report (Dorrell 1983). Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (
  • Figure 3. Inscribed stone from JPN 5.96A, reg. 1964, as photographed by Peter Dorrell in the 1956 excavation season, an act filmed as part of the BBC documentary on the site. In the end, a different, studio image of the object was chosen for publication i
  • Figure 4. The Weston II light metre used by Peter Dorrell during the Jericho excavations (serial number 8228079). Photograph by Stuart Laidlaw.
  • Figure 5. Peter Dorrell’s photographs of the Neolithic Tower put together by traditional means (Kenyon 1981, pl. 5). Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho 1957.250+1).
  • Figure 7. Three photographs of the interior of Tomb B51, moving the camera position from left to right. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho 1956.124–126).
  • Figure 6. A 2008 composite image of the Neolithic tower by Stuart Laidlaw. This was created from a series of individual digital photographs, which were then assembled in Photoshop.
  • Figure 8. Stitched together Photoshop version, combining Dorrell’s original three images. Photograph adapted by Stuart Laidlaw.
  • Figure 9. Professor Kurth photographing skulls in February 1958. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho 1958 unmarked 083).
  • Figure 10. A typical metadata sheet of some of the digitised Jericho images, presented in iview (Expression Media). Photograph by Stuart Laidlaw.
  • Jericho Syndromes: ‘Digging Up Jericho’ as Ritual Dramas of Possession
    • Beverley Butler
  • Figure 1. Several popular publications on Jericho, incuding the original edition of Margaret Wheeler’s Walls of Jericho with dust jacket displaying some of the Jerichoan dead (photograph by Beverley Butler).
  • Figure 2. The dighouse at Jericho, surrounded by military-style tents. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho Nancy Lord 6).
  • Figure 3. Kathleen Kenyon, the ‘Great Sitt’, examining a section with co-director Doug Tushingham. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho).
  • Figure 4. Washing pot sherds. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho 18).
  • Figure 5. Kenyon on the pottery mats, examining the newly-washed sherds. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho).
  • Figure 6. Deep trench cut down through different phases of ancient Jericho. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho 1954.299).
  • Figure 7. Workman carrying the photographic kit onto site. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho KK 232).
  • Figure 8. Margaret Wheeler sits in front of a village house with her haversack and dig book, watched by local children; the paper bag beside her contains newly excavated finds. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho S1 R4 30).
  • Figure 9. Margaret Wheeler with her workmen. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho S1 R8).
  • Figure 10. Wheeler’s team excavating a tomb in close proximity to refugee housing. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho 15).
  • Figure 11. The refugee village at Jericho, ‘a tell in the making’ (M. Wheeler 1958, 8).
  • Square Pegs in Round Holes
    • John Carswell
  • Figure 1. John Carswell at the entrance of a tomb shaft in the refugee camp at Jericho. Image courtesy of John Carswell.
  • Figure 2. The staff tents and dighouse next to Elisha’s spring. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho).
  • Figure 3. Kathleen Kenyon recording one of the Jericho sections. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho unmarked 6).
  • Figure 4. John Carswell’s ‘drawing office’ at Jericho. Image courtesy of John Carswell.
  • Figure 5. Large stone blocking the entrance to Jericho Tomb O1, which was excavated in the 1956 field season (Kenyon 1965, pl. VI.2). Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho 1956.089).
  • Figure 7. Oval wooden bowl with rams-head handles from Jericho Tomb G46. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho 1954.210; Kenyon 1960, fig. 126.3, reg. 69).
  • Figure 6. The interior of Jericho Tomb G73, showing organic materials in situ (Kenyon 1965, pl. XIX). Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho 1955.169).
  • Figure 8. Circular gypsum bowl with ram’s-head handles from Jericho Tomb J3. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho 1954.226; published Kenyon 1960, pl. XV.3, reg. 21).
  • Figure 9. Wooden box panels with bone inlays from Jericho Tomb G73, as found and with suggested reconstructions. Drawn by John Carswell (after Kenyon 1965, figs 244.2-3, reg. 111B and 131).
  • The Impact of Kenyon’s Excavations at Tell es-Sultan on Dutch Archaeology in the Near East
    • Bart Wagemakers
  • Figure 1. Kathleen Kenyon at Jericho. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho KK 7).
  • Figure 2. Kathleen Kenyon (third from right) leads a tour of the Jericho trenches in 1957. Henk Franken stands at the front centre, next to Father Charles Couäsnon. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho S2 R20A 20).
  • Figure 3. Martin Biddle and his field team at Tell es-Sultan. Courtesy of Martin Biddle.
  • Figure 4. A view of one of Franken’s trenches at Jericho, Square EV, in the 1955 field season, showing a workman excavating a Neolithic rush mat with traces of white ant. One of Franken’s sections may be seen on the right of the image, with labels marking
  • Figure 5. Kathleen Kenyon selecting sherds at Tell es-Sultan. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho 1953.J16).
  • Figure 7. Former mentor Kathleen Kenyon visits Henk Franken (in front) at Tell Deir ʿAllā in 1960. Courtesy of the Deir ʿAllā Archive, Leiden University.
  • Figure 6. Henk Franken selecting sherds from the mats at Tell Deir ʿAllā. Courtesy of the Deir ʿAllā Archive, Leiden University.
  • Figure 8. View of Tell Deir ʿAllā showing the excavated area cut into the slope of the tell, subdivided into squares and sub-squares. Courtesy of the Deir ʿAllā Archive, Leiden University.
  • Figure 9. The members of the 1960 Expedition to Tell Deir ʿAllā. From left to right: Lotte Schmidt-Flürshein (with back to camera), Henk Franken, Ann Franken-Battershill, Diana Kirkbride, Nick Schmidt, Egbert Schroten, Bert Veenendaal, Hendrik Brunsting a
  • Figure 10. The location where the Balaam text was found. Courtesy of the Deir ʿAllā Archive, Leiden University.
  • Figure 11. Potter Jan Kalsbeek at Tell Deir ʿAllā. Courtesy of Jan Kalsbeek.
• Reconsidering Results from Past Excavations
  • Khirbet el-Mafjar (Hisham’s Palace), photographed by Leo Boer, former École Biblique student, during a site visit on 10 March 1954. Copyright Non-Professional Archaeological Photographs project (Leo Boer Archive).
  • Finding and Losing the Person Within: A Neolithic Plastered Skull from Jericho
    • Alexandra Fletcher
  • Figure 1. Side view of the Jericho skull. Copyright Trustees of the British Museum (BM 127414).
  • Figure 2. Map showing the location of sites where plastered skulls have been found. 1. Çatalhöyük, 2. Kösk Höyük 3. Beisamoun, 4. Tell Ramad, 5. Tell Aswad, 6. Yiftahel, 7. Kfar HaHoresh, 8. ʿAin Ghazal, 9. Jericho.
  • Figure 3. View of the slight depression running across the top of the Jericho skull and the sub-circular opening cut into the left parietal bone. Copyright Trustees of the British Museum.
  • Figure 4. Micro-CT image showing variation in thickness of diploe caused by artificial cranial modification. Arrows indicate where the skull bones have been pinched with a compensatory widening between them. Copyright Trustees of the Natural History Museu
  • Figure 5. Micro-CT image showing layers of clay packing within the Jericho skull (circled). Contraction of the clay filling during drying has pulled it away from the inside of the cranium leaving a void shown by a dark line. The bevelled edge of the broke
  • Figure 6. Micro-CT image showing an example of a broken tooth with an abscess (circled) in the upper jaw. Copyright Trustees of the Natural History Museum.
  • Kenyon, Jericho and the Amorites
    • Kay Prag
  • Figure 1. Graffito from Outsize Tomb P3 at Jericho (after Kenyon 1965, fig. 76).
  • Figure 2. View west of Iktanu in 1966 with tents. Photograph by Kay Prag.
  • Figure 3. View west of Iktanu in 1990 with the village of Jelad. Photograph by Kay Prag.
  • Figure 4. Tell el-ʿAjjul cist grave Tomb 1532. Image courtesy of M. Kennedy.
  • Figure 5. Jericho, Intermediate Bronze Age wall, tables and silo. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho 1954.026, originally published as Kenyon 1981, pl. 86).
  • Figure 6. Jericho, Intermediate Bronze Age cist grave discovered beneath the wall in Figure 5. Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho 1954.062; originally published as Kenyon 1981, pl. 86).
  • Metal Weapons and Social Differentiation at Bronze Age Tell es-Sultan
    • Daria Montanari
  • Figure 1. Crescentic axe from Jericho Tomb A114, Early Bronze II-III (Kenyon 1960, 179, fig. 66.1). Courtesy of the Citadel Museum, Amman.
  • Figure 2. Dagger from Jericho Tomb A132, Early Bronze IVA. Courtesy of the Birmingham Museums Trust.
  • Figure 3. Dagger AN1956.1083 from Jericho Tomb M.16, 5 and javelin AN1956.1085 from Tomb M.16, 5, Early Bronze IVB. Courtesy of the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford.
  • Figure 4. Dagger AN1958.628 from Jericho Tomb G83a 1 and javelin AN1958.629 from Tomb G83a 2, Early Bronze IVB. Courtesy of the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford.
  • Figure 5. Axes from Room 73 at Jericho, Middle Bronze Age. Courtesy of the Birmingham Museums Trust.
  • Figure 6. Weaponry and selected funerary equipment from Tomb 9 at Jericho, Middle Bronze II (after Garstang 1932, fig. 10, pls XXV.6, XXVII.1-7).
  • Jericho Tomb P23 in the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities
    • Christine Erkelens
    • Lucas Petit
  • Figure 1. Tomb P23, 1957. Courtesy of the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Cambridge.
  • Figure 2. Excavation drawing of Tomb P23 (after Kenyon 1965, fig. 138).
  • Figure 3. Pottery and small finds from Tomb P23 on permanent display in the Near Eastern galleries of the NMA, 2013. Courtesy of the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities.
  • Figure 4. Henk Franken in Jericho, 1958. Courtesy of the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities.
  • Figure 5. Reconstructed Tomb P23 in the NMA, 1988. Courtesy of the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities.
  • Figure 6. Tomb P23 in the NMA, 2001. Courtesy of the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities.
  • Figure 7. Comparison of the proximal ends of the femur in individual A. Courtesy of the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities.
  • Figure 9. Mandible of individual E. Note ante-mortem tooth loss of both M3 with partial resorption. Courtesy of the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities.
  • Figure 8. Maxilla of individual E. Note ante-mortem tooth loss of both M3 with partial resorption. Courtesy of the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities.
  • Figure 10. Fused L3 and L4 indicative of early DISH in individual B. Courtesy of the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities.
  • Figure 11. Severe porotic hyperostosis on the right side of the skull in the individual named ‘child’, as well as increased vascularity on the left parietal above the temporal. Courtesy of the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities.
  • A New Umayyad Mosque at Khirbet el-Mafjar, and Other Discoveries: A New Understanding through Architectural Stratigraphy and Landscape Archaeology
    • Ignacio Arce
  • Figure 1.1. Plan of Khirbet el-Mafjar showing the three main sections of the Umayyad complex — palace, audience hall/bath, and the so-called dayʾa — separated by open spaces. Image modified by Ignacio Arce, and used courtesy of the Palestinian Department
  • Figure 2. The First Congregational Mosque within the qasr. 2.1. Plan showing its current condition, with subdivided praying hall and ‘private oratory’. Notice the huge mihrab, the rotated orientation of the south (qiblah) wall, the door piercing it, and t
  • Figure 3. The First Congregational Mosque within the qasr. 3.1. View of the mihrab. Notice the disproportion of its span with the width of the prayer hall. The red arrows mark where the late partition walls abut against the qiblah wall. 3.2. Later partiti
  • Figure 4.1. Original hypothetical appearance of the First Congregational Mosque within the self-standing qasr. Notice, the rotated orientation of the south wall (qiblah), the door piercing it, and the huge square tower. 4.2. The qasr after its refurbishme
  • Figure 5. Congregational mosques within palace precincts at Qasr el-Hayr el-Sharqi (5.1) and Qasr Minya (5.2). Red arrows indicate the location of the door providing direct mosque access from outside the palace. Plans by Ignacio Arce.
  • Figure 6. General plan showing Khirbet el-Mafjar and its surrounding landscape, including the Wadi Nueima, agricultural enclosure and hydraulic infrastructures. notice how Wadi Nueima secludes the whole umayyad complex from the Byzantine city of Ericha to
  • Figure 7. Khirbet el-Mafjar. Axial relationship between the congregational mosques and the audience halls; in the original setting within the qasr (7.1); and in the latter plan in the area of the audience hall building (7.2). Plans by Ignacio Arce.
  • Figure 8. Hypothetical sequence of the construction of the buildings in the south section of the complex. 8.1. Hamilton’s hypothesis, with the audience hall and bath as the first structures built. 8.2. Author’s hypothesis, with the qasr standing alone as
  • Figure 9. View of the cultivated land to the east of Mafjar, corresponding to the Umayyad agricultural enclosure, with the Jordan Valley and the heights of Jordan in the background. Photograph by Ignacio Arce.
  • Figure 10. View of the Mount of Temptation (Jebel Qarantal) and the Judean desert mountains west of Khirbet el-Mafjar. Photograph by Ignacio Arce.
  • Figure 11. Mosaic floors in the Khirbet el-Mafjar audience hall. Notice the band of plain white tesserae alongside the walls and around the pillars, indicated by red arrows (after Hamilton 1959, pls LXXVII.28, LXXXII.IX and LXXXII.IV).
  • Figure 12. The red arrows show where mosaic floors have been covered and cut by the walls and steps of the pool in the Khirbet el-Mafjar audience hall (after Hamilton 1959, pls LXXXI.23, LXXX.15).
  • Figure 13. Khirbet el-Mafjar audience hall and bath house. 13.1. Details of the exedrae from the south side of the hall, covered by the bricks and plaster revetment for the pool. 13.2. Detail of the steps giving access to the pool; the red arrow shows whe
  • Figure 14.1. Current condition of the Khibet el-Mafjar audience hall and bath building, with annexed bath house, latrines and inserted pool. Figure 14.2: The hall in its earlier state without these elements. After Hamilton 1959, pl. CIV.
  • Figure 15. Plan (15.1) and elevation (15.2) of the north wall of the audience hall building towards the bath house. This straight and flat external elevation (contrasting with the other elevations which denote the existence of the exedrae) was intended to
  • Figure 16. Hypothetical sequence of the construction of the buildings of the south section of Khirbet el-Mafjar in relation to the suspected streams running across the site (shown as solid blue arrows). 16.1. The original qasr and the stream running immed
  • Figure 17: Khirbet el-Mafjar. The ‘water gate’, a sunken arch in the western enclosure wall, at the point where the bed of a dry stream crossed the line of the wall. Its location is marked on Figure 16.4. Photograph by Ignacio Arce.
  • Figure 18.1. Walls identified in the remote sensing survey of 2014 with the hypothetical location of a Roman fort superimposed in red. Blue arrows indicate hypothetical flow lines of branches of the Wadi Nueima crossing the site. Figure courtesy of the Je
• Part II – Present Current Fieldwork
  • Andy Creekmore using a magnetometer in the open area between the palace and bath house complex at Khirbet el-Mafjar. Courtesy of the Khirbet el-Mafjar project.
  • The Italian-Palestinian Expedition to Tell es-Sultan, Ancient Jericho (1997–2015): Archaeology and Valorisation of Material and Immaterial Heritage
    • Lorenzo Nigro
  • Figure 1. Map of Tell es-Sultan with areas excavated by the Italian-Palestinian Expedition (1997–2016). Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 2. Artist’s watercolour depicting the PPNA Round Tower with attached Town Wall. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 3. General view of Area T, at the south-eastern foot of the tell, from the south-west, with insert showing the PPNA Town Wall remains reaching in the Square TII deep sounding. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 4. Head, legs and feet of the PPNB clay statue found by J. Garstang in the north-eastern Trench. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 5. Reconstructive plan of the PPN settlement expansion at Tell es-Sultan/Jericho. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 7. Canals with EB pottery found just east of ʿAin es-Sultan as found during the survey carried out by the Italian-Palestinian Expedition in 2009. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 6. The spring of ʿAin es-Sultan before rehabilitation works carried out in 2009–2010. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 8. Reconstructive plan of the EB II city at Tell es-Sultan/Jericho. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 9. Detail of the Area R city wall (top left), section depicting the EB II–III city wall construction (top right), and view below of the south-western corner of Tell es-Sultan and the EB II city wall excavated in Area R (upper left), with outline sh
  • Figure 10. Reconstructive plan of the EB III city at Tell es-Sultan/Jericho. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 11. Plan of Area B with the EB IIIA city walls and South Gate L.1800. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 12. View of the EB II–III dwellings in Area F with House L.305, looking north-west. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 13. Axonometric reconstruction of EB III Palace G as excavated by the four expeditions. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 14. Copper crescentic axe found in Kenyon’s Tomb A114 (Jordan Archaeological Museum). Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 15. EB III schematic jar sealings from Palace G at Tell es-Sultan, showing the dominant motive of the lion catching the gazelle. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 16. EB II–III Bull’s heads found in Tell es-Sultan (site and necropolis). Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 17. Reconstructive map of the EB IV village at Tell es-Sultan/Jericho. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 18. EB IVB copper fenestrated axe from a hoard set into the ruins of the EB III North-West Tower. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 19. Reconstructive plan of the MB II city (second rampart) of Tell es-Sultan/Jericho. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 20. Restored MB I–II Tower A1 at the end of season 2015, from the south-east. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 21. Aerial view of the MB II Curvilinear Stone Structure in Area E, looking south-east. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 22. Plan of the MB II–III ‘Hyksos Palace’ on the eastern flank of Spring Hill, and nearby Temple P, partly excavated by the Italian-Palestinian Expedition in 2014. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 23. Plan, photo and funerary equipment of MB II Tomb D.641. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 24. Sketch drawing of a section across the MB III Cyclopean Wall 4 and rampart in Area A. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 25. LB I–II mudbrick wall on top of Cyclopean Wall 4 (after Garstang 1931, pl. II).
  • Figure 26. LB II pottery vessels from Garstang’s Tomb 5. Courtesy of the Photographic Archives, Sapienza University of Rome (no. Jer1033).
  • Figure 27. LB Age cuneiform tablet from Garstang’s excavations (Rockefeller Museum 1485). Courtesy of the Photographic Archives, Sapienza University of Rome (no. 610).
  • Figure 28. Reconstructive plan of the Iron Age II city of Tell es-Sultan/Jericho. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Mudbricks and Modular Architecture at Tell es-Sultan from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age
    • Gaia Ripepi
  • Figure 1. The ‘flattened cigar’ mudbrick of the PPNB period (Kenyon 1981, pl. 138c). Copyright UCL, Institute of Archaeology (Kenyon Archive: Jericho 1954.272).
  • Figure 2. Kenyon ‘House B’ in Trench III, dating to the PPNB period (after Kenyon 1981, pl. 263c).
  • Figure 3. The brickwork of EB II (after Garstang et al. 1935, pl. Lc)
  • Figure 4. Reconstruction of the bonding technique used in the EB II fortification walls. Illustration by Gaia Ripepi.
  • Figure 5. Exposed segment of EB III brickwork from the fortification wall on the southern side of the tell. Photograph by Gaia Ripepi.
  • Figure 6. Reconstruction of the bonding technique used in the EB III fortifications. Illustration by Gaia Ripepi.
  • Figure 7. Jericho: map of the excavation areas. Illustration by Gaia Ripepi.
  • Figure 8. Schematic plan of Area B, showing the double defensive line of EB IIIB (originally published as Nigro 2000, fig. 2.2). Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 9. A wooden beam from the EB III fortification wall in Area B. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 10. A view of W.19 from the west. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 11. General view of Tower A1 from the south-west. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Protecting the People: The Fortification Systems of Middle Bronze Age Jericho in Light of the Italian-Palestinian Excavations
    • Chiara Fiaccavento and Elisabetta Gallo
  • Figure 1. Map of Middle Bronze Age sites in the Southern Levant. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 2. General view of the MB IB–III fortification systems in Areas A and E, from the south. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 3. Area A: general view of Tower A1, from the south-east. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 5. Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware jug fragment (TS.09.A.167/1) from destruction layer F.1678 in Area A. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 4. Area A: the western foundation wall of MB IB Tower A1, from the west. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 6. Area A: MB II houses built against the eastern side of Tower A1, from the north-east. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 7. Aerial view of the MB II Curvilinear Stone Structure in Area E, from the north-west. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 8. MB II retaining wall bordering the street parallel to the Curvilinear Stone Structure in Area E, from the south-west. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 9. MB II double handled jar (TS.11.E.1823/1) found in the collapse layer F.1823 outside the Curvilinear Stone Structure in Area E, from the south. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 10. General view of MB III Cyclopean Wall W.4 in Areas A and E, from the east. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • Figure 11. Cyclopean Wall W.4 in Area A, with its foundation trench on the left, from the south-east. Copyright University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ ROSEPAJ.
  • The Jericho Mafjar Project: Palestine-University of Chicago Research at Khirbet el-Mafjar
    • Donald Whitcomb
  • Figure 1. Archaeological sites near Jericho (after Hamilton 1959, fig. 1).
  • Figure 2. Dimitri Baramki and workers. Image courtesy of the Baramki family.
  • Figure 3. Stucco figure of a lady from the audience hall. Photograph by Donald Whitcomb.
  • Figure 4. Plan of the north gate. Illustration by Donald Whitcomb, courtesy of the Khirbet el-Mafjar Project.
  • Figure 5. Plans of the northern area in 1993 and 2013. Illustration by Donald Whitcomb, courtesy of the Khirbet el-Mafjar Project.
  • Figure 7. Plan of Khirbet el-Mafjar; mosques in Umayyad and Abbasid phases. Illustration by Donald Whitcomb, courtesy of the Khirbet el-Mafjar Project.
  • Figure 6. Photo of northern area features, looking east. The numbers match those on the plan (Figure 5). 3, the Red Building; 5, the Abbasid residence; 7, the stables; and 8, the small mosque. Photograph by Michael Jennings, courtesy of the Khirbet el-Maf
  • Figure 8. Plan of Hisham’s Palace Archaeological Park, 2014. Illustration by Donald Whitcomb, courtesy of the Khirbet el-Mafjar Project.
  • Cities and Palaces: Khirbet el-Mafjar and the Evolution of Settlements on the Jericho Plain
    • Michael Jennings
  • Figure 1: Physical features and key sites in the Jericho Plain.
  • Figure 2: Key physical features in the landscape model.
  • Figure 3: Division of the landscape into ten zones of settlement.
  • Figure 4: Settlement zones easily watered by ʿAin es-Sultan.
  • Figure 5: 1999 Birzeit University walking survey results: distribution of ceramic finds.
  • Figure 6: Aerial photo of the Jericho Plain in 1918 (after Dalman 1925, fig. 70).
  • Figure 7: Tulul Abu el-ʿAlayiq and environs.
  • Figure 8: Monasteries of the Jericho Plain.
  • Two Decades of Archaeology in Jericho, 1994–2015
    • Hamdan Taha
  • Figure 1. The Jericho Oasis. Photograph by Hamdan Taha.
  • Figure 2. Road signage introduced to help visitors navigate around the Jericho area. Copyright DACH.
  • Figure 3. Distribution of archaeological sites in the Jordan Valley. Copyright DACH.
  • Figure 4. Map of the Jericho area showing the distribution of archaeological sites. Copyright DACH.
  • Figure 5. Tell el-Hassan. View of excavations in Area 1. Photograph by Michael Jennings.
  • Figure 6. Tell el-Hassan. View of excavations in Area 2. Photograph by Michael Jennings.
  • Figure 7. The eponymous Sycamore tree in modern Jericho, site of the joint Palestinian-Russian excavations of 2010. Copyright of the joint Palestinian-Russian Expedition.
  • Figure 8. Department of Antiquities excavations in the bath area at Tell el-Mafjar. Photograph by Hamdan Taha.
  • Figure 9. The joint Palestinian-American excavations at Hisham’s Palace: view of the northern area, showing remains of Abbasid occupation. Copyright DACH.
  • Figure 10. Excavation team member S. Tawafhseh in the Hellenistic Tomb at Wadi Nueima. Photograph by Hamdan Taha.
  • Figure 11. Interior of the Roman tomb at eth-Thiniya, showing two ossuaries in situ. Copyright DACH.
  • Figure 12. Mosaic floor at Tell Deir Abu Ghannam before backfilling. Photograph by Hamdan Taha.
  • Figure 13. View of Tawaheen es-Sukkar, showing the upper and lower aqueducts, millstone, mill house, Kitchen-maqam, furnace, sugar cane house and courtyard. Photograph by Hamdan Taha.
  • Figure 14. Vessel from Tawaheen es-Sukkar with Arabic inscription reading ‘good honey’. Photograph courtesy of G. van der Kooij.
  • Figure 15. Restoration work at Tell es-Sultan, using traditional mudbrick techniques. Copyright of the joint Palestinian-Italian Expedition.
  • Figure 16. One of the new interpretation signs at Tell es-Sultan. Copyright of the joint Palestinian-Italian Expedition.
  • Figure 17. The main hall of Hisham’s Palace, showing the central mosaic after restoration. Photograph by Hamdan Taha.
  • Figure 18. School children learning how to create mosaics at a workshop in the laboratory at Khirbet el-Mafjar. Copyright DACH.
  • Figure 19. View of one of the galleries at the Hisham’s Palace Museum, which opened in 2014. Photograph by Hamdan Taha.
• Part III – Future Preserving the Archaeological Past for the Future
  • Archaeologists of the future: Palestinian students participating in activities at the Jericho Oasis Archaeological Park in 2015. Copyright Rome Sapienza Expedition to Palestine and Jordan.
  • Neolithic Heritage, Jericho and the West Bank
    • Bill Finlayson
    • Paul Burtenshaw
  • Figure 1. Reconstructions at Neolithic Beidha, now used to support the site display and interpretation. Photograph by Bill Finlayson.
  • Figure 2. Dr Hamdan Taha and colleagues in front of the Neolithic tower at Jericho, standing on material collapsed from the deep trench section face. Copyright of the joint Palestinian-Italian Expedition to Tell es-Sultan.
  • Figure 3. The original signage at Ghuwayr 1, before becoming damaged. Photograph by Bill Finlayson.
  • Figure 4. Signage at Ghuwayr 1, after vandalism and becoming bleached by the sun. Photograph by Bill Finlayson.
  • Figure 5. Signage at Khirokitia world heritage Neolithic site on Cyprus. Photograph by Bill Finlayson.
  • Figure 6. Introductory ceramic tile sign at Beidha. Photograph by Bill Finlayson.
  • The Hisham’s Palace Site and Museum Project
    • Jack Green
  • Figure 1. Plan of Hisham’s Palace with site signage and route indicated. The visitor centre, including the cinema and museum, is located in the south-east corner. Image courtesy of the Khirbet el-Mafjar project.
  • Figure 2. Museum graphic panel for the ‘Ceramic Traditions’ display case. Graphic design by Abdel-Hamid Ramadan of Al Nasher.
  • Figure 3. View of the north gallery of the Hisham’s Palace Museum, facing north, with the diwan cupola in the foreground. ‘Ceramic Traditions’ and ‘The Agricultural Estate’ are against the north wall. The ‘Hospitality’ display is located on the east wall.
  • Figure 4. View of the south gallery of the Hisham’s Palace Museum (facing south-west), showing the stuccowork display case, and the ‘building Hisham’s Palace’ touchable exhibit. Photograph by Jack Green.
  • Figure 5. View of the Hisham’s Palace Museum (facing south-east), with arch dividing north and south galleries. Left to right: Umayyad painted vessel, ‘daily life’ table-case, the diwan cupola, stucco head of a possible male, architectural niche from the
  • Figure 6. The architectural niche from the audience hall from January 2013, prior to the museum renovation. Photograph courtesy of Erik Lindahl.
  • Figure 7. Museum graphic panel for the ‘mosaics and wall paintings’ section. Graphic design by Abdel-Hamid Ramadan of Al Nasher.
  • Figure 8. View of the site signage for the stables (no.10 on plan) in the northern area of Khirbet el-Mafjar, facing west. Photograph by Jack Green.
  • Figure 9. Site graphic panel: ‘The Abbasid House’. Graphic design by Abdel-Hamid Ramadan of Al Nasher.
  • List of Contributors
  • Index