"This book showcases eleven studies dealing with corpora and the changing society. The theme of the volume reflects the fact that changes in society lead to changes in language and vice versa. Focusing on the English language, be it from Old English to the present, or a shorter time span in the immediate past, the contributors in this volume use a variety of corpus methods to address the two patterns of change. The cross-fertilization of cultural studies and corpus linguistics, we hope, is beneficial for both parties, as corpus linguistics offers a vast array of materials and methods to investigate cultural and societal change, while cultural studies provide the theoretical background on which to build our research. The studies included in the present volume illustrate the potential avenues and the merits of combining changing language and changing societies"--.

• Corpora and the Changing Society
• Editorial page
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Table of contents
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction: Corpora and the changing society
• Part I. Changing society
  • The great temptation: What diachronic corpora do and do not reveal about social change
    • 1. Introduction
    • 2. Five pitfalls in the analysis of diachronic corpus data
      • 2.1 Corpus frequencies (semasiological frequencies) are not always equivalent to frequencies of entities and events in the real world (onomasiological frequencies)
      • 2.2 Corpus frequencies of polysemous words need to be broken down into sense-specific and construction-specific frequencies
      • 2.3 Correlations in large datasets may be spurious
      • 2.4 Comparisons of frequency trends in diachronic corpora require adequate statistical treatment
      • 2.5 It is not always easy to disentangle social change and linguistic change
    • 3. Giving in to temptation: A case study of the English make-causative
      • 3.1 The English make-causative construction
      • 3.2 Corpus data and descriptive statistics
      • 3.3 Using distributional semantics to study the development of the make-causative
      • 3.4 Discussion
    • 4. Conclusions
    • References
      • Corpora
      • Other references
  • Changes in society and language: Charting poverty
    • 1. Introduction
    • 2. Data and pre-processing
      • 2.1 The EEBO Collection as sampler corpus
      • 2.2 The CLMET3.0 corpus
      • 2.3 The pre-processing step of spelling normalization
    • 3. Methods
      • 3.1 Data-based and data-driven approaches
      • 3.2 Document classification
      • 3.3 Topic modelling
      • 3.4 Conceptual maps
    • 4. Results and discussion
      • 4.1 Dictionary-based approach
      • 4.2 Topic modelling
      • 4.3 Conceptual maps
    • 5. Conclusions
    • References
      • Corpora and software
      • Other references
  • Finding evidence for a changing society: A collocational study of medical discourse in 1500–1800
    • 1. Introduction
    • 2. Background
    • 3. Materials and method
    • 4. Results
      • 4.1 The Corpus of Early Modern English Medical Texts (1500–1700)
      • 4.2 The Corpus of Late Modern English Medical Texts (1700–1800)
    • 5. Discussion
    • 6. Conclusion
    • References
      • Corpora and software
      • Other references
  • Semantic neology: Challenges in matching corpus-based semantic change to real-world change
    • 1. Introduction
    • 2. Data and methods
      • 2.1 Data and tools
      • 2.2 Tracking the neosemes
    • 3. Case studies
      • 3.1 Case study 1: Birther
      • 3.2 Case study 2: Normalisation
      • 3.3 Case study 3: Cougar
      • 3.4 Case study 4: Snowflake
      • 3.5 Case study 5: Ghosting
    • 4. Discussion
      • 4.1 Challenges
      • 4.2 Measures shown to allow or enhance system performance
      • 4.3 Sociolinguistic insights gained in the study
    • 5. Conclusion
    • References
      • Corpora and tools
      • Other references
  • From burden to threat: A diachronic study of language ideology and migrant representation in the British press
    • 1. Introduction and background
    • 2. Data and approach
    • 3. Analysis
      • 3.1 Proficiency
      • 3.2 Multilingualism
      • 3.3 Learning English and integration
      • 3.4 From public to private services
    • 4. Conclusion
    • References
      • Corpora and tools
      • Other references
• Part II. Changing language
  • That’s absolutely fine: An investigation of absolutely in the spoken BNC2014
    • 1. Introduction
    • 2. Methods
    • 3. The frequency of absolutely
    • 4. The frequency of absolutely with different syntactic head words
      • 4.1 Absolutely with adjectives
      • 4.2 Absolutely modifying a verb
      • 4.3 Absolutely followed by everything, all, never, nothing, no
      • 4.4 Absolutely with nouns
      • 4.5 Absolutely before preposition phrases
      • 4.6 Absolutely as a discourse marker at the end of the clause
    • 5. The response marker absolutely
    • 6. Discussion
    • 7. Conclusion
    • References
      • Corpora and software
      • Other references
    • Appendix 1. Speaker age in BNC1994DS and BNC2014S
    • Appendix 2. Cross-tabulation of speaker age and gender in BNC1994DS
    • Appendix 3. Cross-tabulation of speaker age and gender in BNC2014S
    • Appendix 4. Adjectives and speaker age
    • Appendix 5. Verbs and speaker age
  • Two sides of the same coin?: Tracking the history of the intensifiers deadly and mortal
    • 1. Introduction
    • 2. Intensifiers: An overview
    • 3. Data sources
    • 4. Deadly and mortal: A historical account
      • 4.1 Preliminary remarks
      • 4.2 Deadly and mortal: The origins
      • 4.3 Deadly and mortal: EModE
      • 4.4 Deadly and mortal: LModE and PDE
    • 5. The grammaticalization of deadly and mortal
    • 6. Concluding remarks
    • References
      • Corpora and software
      • Other references
  • So-called -ingly adverbs in Late Middle and Early Modern English
    • 1. Introduction
    • 2. Data
    • 3. The increase of -ingly adverbs in Late Middle and Early Modern English
    • 4. Different types of -ingly adverbs
    • 5. Functions of -ingly adverbs
      • 5.1 Modification of adjectives, verbs, and clauses
      • 5.2 Harry Potter adverbs
    • 6. Conclusion
    • Acknowledgements
    • References
      • Corpora
      • Other references
    • Appendix
    • Funding information
  • Analyzing change in the American English amplifier system in the fiction genre
    • 1. Introduction
    • 2. Previous research
    • 3. Data and methodology
    • 4. Results
    • 5. Discussion and outlook
    • References
      • Corpora and software
      • Other references
  • The development and pragmatic function of a non-inference marker: That is not to say (that)
    • 1. Introduction
    • 2. Form and function of that is not to say in Present-day English
      • 2.1 Distribution of that is not to say
      • 2.2 Synchronic status
    • 3. Historical development of that is not to say
      • 3.1 Dating of the construction
      • 3.2 Formal features of the historical construction
      • 3.3 Explaining the gaps in the data
      • 3.4 Grammaticalization ofthat is not to say
    • 4. Conclusions
    • References
      • Corpora and text collections
      • Other references
  • Changes in transitivity and reflexive uses of sit (me/myself down) in Early and Late Modern English
    • 1. Introduction
    • 2. Theoretical background and reflexivity in the history of English
      • 2.1 Defining reflexivity
      • 2.2 Reflexive strategies in the history of English
      • 2.3 The Transitivity Hypothesis in the context of this study
    • 3. Corpora and databases
    • 4. Simple and SELF-reflexives with sit and the transitivization of sit down
      • 4.1 Sit in the Early Modern period: Simple and SELF-strategies in the EEBO Corpus
      • 4.2 Expressing telic and atelic aspect with the simple and the SELF-strategies
      • 4.3 The transitivization of sit down
    • 5. Discussion and conclusions
    • References
      • Corpora
      • Other references
    • Appendix 1. The absolute frequencies of the simple and the SELF-strategies, 1500–1700: EEBO Corpus
    • Appendix 2. The absolute frequencies of telic descriptions in the simple and the SELF-strategies, 1580–1700: EEBO Corpus
    • Appendix 3. Occurrence of down in the simple and the SELF-strategies, 1580–1700: EEBO Corpus. Absolute frequencies
    • Appendix 4. The absolute frequencies of the simple and the SELF-strategies, 1810–2009: COHA
    • Appendix 5. Transitive sit down: Direct and indirect causatives and ambiguous cases, 1830–2009: COHA. Absolute frequencies
• Index