This second edition of Citrus, like the original by F.S. Davies and L.G. Albrigo, intends to provide the reader with an updated overview of citriculture from a worldwide perspective. Current theories and technological advances in citriculture are emphasized, citing specific examples of how and where they are used. The text begins with a discussion of major production areas with figures and current trends (Chapter 1). The confusing and controversial taxonomic situation for Citrus and related genera is then discussed, emphasizing molecular biology (biotechnological) advances that are clarifying the genetic relationships between various citrus species. This is followed by a discussion of the major commercially important citrus species and cultivars and traditional and current techniques in citrus breeding (Chapter 2). Chapter 3 covers the importance of rootstocks in citriculture and discusses the major rootstocks, their advantages and disadvantages. In Chapter 4, the role of climatic factors in worldwide citrus production is emphasized, including their effects on citrus yields, growth, economic returns and fruit quality. Plant husbandry, including nursery practices, irrigation, fertilizer application, freeze protection, pruning, growth regulator use and weed control is covered in Chapter 5. In Chapter 6, the major pests and recent changes in their distribution are covered. Diseases of citrus, emphasizing major problems and control measures are the topic of Chapter 7. The final chapter (8) deals with postharvest quality, harvesting and handling of citrus fruits, including the importance of biotic and abiotic problems, as well as packinghouse and processing techniques.

• Citrus
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• 1 History, Distribution and Uses of Citrus Fruit
  • History
  • Distribution and Production
    • Major Production Areas
    • Recent Distribution and Utilization of Citrus Fruit
  • Uses of Citrus Fruits
• 2 Taxonomy, Cultivars and Breeding
  • Taxonomy
    • Evolution of Taxonomic Systems for Rutaceae-Aurantioideae-Citrus
    • Major Taxonomic Groups within Citrus
      • Sweet oranges
      • Round oranges
      • Navel oranges
      • Pigmented oranges
      • Mandarins
      • Satsuma mandarin group
      • Common mandarin group
      • Mediterranean ‘Willowleaf’ mandarin
      • Naturally occurring mandarin hybrids
      • Man-made mandarin hybrids (tangelos)
      • Other man-made mandarin hybrids
      • Grapefruit
      • White-fleshed grapefruit
      • Red-fleshed grapefruit
      • Limes
      • Lemons
      • Pummelo (shaddock)
      • Kumquat
    • Hybrids of Citrus and Related Genera
  • Citrus Genetics and Breeding
    • Nucellar Embryony
    • Breeding Objectives for Citrus
    • Breeding Techniques
      • Traditional techniques
      • Biotechnology
      • Mutation and selection
      • Chimeras
• 3 Rootstocks
  • Description of Traditional Citrus Rootstocks
    • Rough Lemon
    • Citrus volkameriana
    • Citrus macrophylla (Alemow)
    • ‘Rangpur’
    • ‘Palestine’ Sweet Lime
    • Sour Orange
    • ‘Smooth Flat Seville’ (Australian Sour)
    • ‘Cleopatra’ Mandarin
    • Sweet Orange
    • Trifoliate Orange
    • Citranges
    • Citrumelos
    • Other Citrus Rootstocks
      • Established crosses
      • Dwarfing rootstocks
  • Morphology and Anatomy of Citrus Rootstocks
  • Physiology of Citrus Rootstocks
  • Mycorrhizae
  • Recent Advances in Rootstock Development
• 4 Environmental Constraints on Growth, Development and Physiology of Citrus
  • Tropical Regions
  • Subtropical Regions
  • Environmental Constraints on Vegetative Growth and Development
    • Seed Growth and Development
    • The Juvenile Plant
    • The Budded Plant
      • Shoot and leaf growth
      • Root growth
    • Stress Responses of Citrus
  • Environmental Constraints on Flowering and Fruiting
    • Flower Induction, Initiation of Growth and Differentiation
    • Initiation of growth and differentiation of flower buds
    • Anthesis
    • Tree Internal Factors Associated with Flowering
    • Pollination and Fruit Set
      • Initial fruit set
      • Physiological drop
      • Alternate bearing
  • Environmental Constraints on Fruit Yields
  • Environmental Factors Affecting Fruit Growth, Development and Quality
    • Fruit Growth
    • External Quality
    • Internal Quality
    • Climate Change and Potential Impact for Citrus
• 5 Plant Husbandry
  • NURSERY OPERATIONS
    • Site Selection
    • Seed Selection
    • Planting and Seedbed Preparation
    • Nursery Practices
    • Propagation
    • Cultural Practices in the Nursery
    • Sales and Distribution
  • ESTABLISHING THE ORCHARD
    • Site Selection
    • Orchard Design and Planting Density
    • Orchard Planting and Establishment
  • WATER MANAGEMENT
    • Water Stress
    • Irrigation
    • Drainage and Flooding
  • FREEZE-HARDINESS AND FREEZE PROTECTION
    • Freeze-hardiness
    • Methods of Freeze Protection
    • Care of Freeze-damaged Trees
  • MINERAL NUTRITION
    • Nutrient Elements
    • Soil and Leaf Analysis
    • Fertilization
  • TREE SIZE CONTROL
    • Pruning
  • GROWTH REGULATORS
  • WEED CONTROL
    • Classification of Weeds
    • Weed Control Practices
  • PLANT HUSBANDRY SUMMARY
• 6 Arthropod Pests
  • Asian Citrus Psyllid
  • Citrus Leafminer
  • Root Weevil Complex
  • Mites
  • Secondary Insect Pests
    • Nematodes
  • Pest Management
    • Pest Monitoring
    • Cultural Control
    • Chemical Control
    • Biological Control
    • Area-wide Management in the Era of HLB
• 7 Diseases
  • Tree Declines and Disorders
    • Bacteria, Spiroplasmas and Phytoplasmas
      • Huanglongbing (greening)
      • Citrus variegated chlorosis
      • Stubborn
      • Witches’ broom disease of limes
    • Diseases Caused by Virus and Virus-like Agents
      • Tristeza decline and stem pitting
      • Psorosis and citrus ringspot
      • Tatterleaf-citrange stunt
      • Leprosis
      • Satsuma dwarf
      • Sudden Death
    • Other Virus and Virus-like Diseases
      • Diseases caused by viroids
    • Blight and Other Decline Diseases
      • Citrus blight
    • Other Decline Diseases
  • Soil-Borne Diseases
    • Phytophthora Root Rot, Foot Rot and Brown Rot
    • Other Root Diseases
    • Nematodes
      • Slow decline
      • Other nematode problems
  • Diseases of Fruit and Foliage
    • Canker
    • Black Spot
    • Pseudocercospora Leaf and Fruit Spot
    • Greasy Spot
    • Melanose
    • Postbloom Fruit Drop and Lime Anthracnose
    • Scab Diseases
    • Alternaria Brown Spot
    • Other Diseases of Fruit and Foliage
  • Postharvest Decays
  • Control Measures
    • Budwood Certification, Shoot-tip Grafting, Thermotherapy and Detection of Systemic Pathogens
    • Resistant Varieties
    • Cultural Practices
    • Chemical Control
• 8 Fruit Quality, Harvesting and Postharvest Technology
  • Characteristics of Citrus Fruit
    • Fruit Composition
      • Total soluble solids
      • Organic acids
      • Ascorbic acid
      • Limonin
      • Pectins
    • Internal Fruit Quality Standards
  • Fresh Fruit
    • Factors Affecting Fruit Size and Shape
    • Factors Affecting Fruit Colour
    • Factors Affecting Fruit Blemishes
      • Causes of citrus fruit blemishes
      • Biotic factors
      • Abiotic factors
      • Harvesting and Handling
      • Harvesting methods
      • Packinghouse Procedures
      • Storage, Shipping and Storage Related Disorders
      • Storage
      • Fruit quality changes during storage and shipment
      • Postharvest storage diseases
      • Postharvest nonpathological disorders
      • Citrus Processing
      • Processing
      • Food Safety
  • Postharvest Technology
• References
• Index