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Table Card RUSMARC
Title: Hazard assessment: tutorial
Creators: Natkha Sergey V.; Kharlamova Ksenia V.
Organization: Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого
Imprint: Saint-Petersburg, 2022
Electronic publication: 2023
Collection: Учебная и учебно-методическая литература; Общая коллекция
Subjects: Безопасность жизнедеятельности человека; Ядерные реакторы — Безопасность
UDC: 614.8(075.8); 621.039.58(075.8)
Document type: Tutorial
File type: PDF
Language: English
Speciality code (FGOS): 20.00.00
Speciality group (FGOS): 200000 - Техносферная безопасность и природообустройство
DOI: 10.18720/SPBPU/2/z23-13
Rights: Свободный доступ из сети Интернет (чтение, печать)
Record key: RU\SPSTU\edoc\70631

Allowed Actions: Read

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Table of Contents

  • CONTENTS
  • ABBREVIATIONS
  • 1. Introduction to hazard assessment
  • 1.1. Definition of hazard and risk
  • 1.1.1. What is a Hazard?
  • 1.1.2. The purpose of radiation protection in a nuclear power plant
  • 1.1.3. What is a risk assessment?
  • 1.1.4. The Difference Between Hazard and Risk
  • 1.1.5. Benefit/risk ratio
  • 1.2. Radiation as a hazard
  • 1.2.1. Radioactive transformations
  • 1.2.2. Types of radiation
  • 1.2.2.1.Alpha radiation
  • 1.2.2.2.Beta radiation
  • 1.2.2.3.Gamma radiation
  • 1.2.2.4.X-ray radiation
  • 1.2.2.5.Neutron radiation
  • 1.3. The IAEA Safety Standards requirements to hazard assessment
  • 1.3.1. Development and approval process
  • 1.3.2. The concept of acceptable risk
  • 2. Quantitative approaches to hazard assessment
  • 2.1. Deterministic safety analysis method
  • 2.1.1. Features of the deterministic safety analysis method
  • 2.1.2. Single Failure Principle
  • 2.2. Probabilistic safety assessment
  • 2.2.1. Scope and content of PSA
  • 2.2.2. PSA level 1: Fault-tree analysis
  • 2.2.2.1.Tasks and objectives
  • 2.2.2.2.Estimating the frequencies of initiating events
  • 2.2.2.3.Assessment of equipment reliability indicators
  • 2.2.2.4.Assessment of unavailability due to taking out of service for repair
  • 2.2.2.5.Estimation of parameters of general failures
  • 2.2.2.6.Estimating the probabilities of special events
  • 2.2.3. PSA level 2: Damage state and source term determination
  • 2.2.4. PSA level 3: Risk to people
  • 3. Role of a hazard assessment in nuclear and radiological emergency preparedness arrangements
  • 3.1. Hazard assessment relationship to emergency preparadness categories
  • 3.2. Emergency preparedness categories
  • 3.2.1. Category I
  • 3.2.2. Category II
  • 3.2.3. Category III
  • 3.2.4. Category IV
  • 3.2.5. Category V
  • 3.3. Establishment of zones and distances of emergency planning
  • 3.3.1. Precautionary Action Zone
  • 3.3.2. Urgent Protective Action Planning Zone
  • 3.3.3. Extended Planning Distance
  • 3.3.4. Ingestion and Commodities Distance Planning Distance
  • 3.4. All-hazard approach and all hazard emergency management system
  • 3.5. Hazard assessment process
  • 3.5.1. Characterization of postulated emergency situations
  • 3.5.2. Evaluation of inventory of release and the mix of radionuclides
  • 3.5.3. Assessment of the distribution of radioactive and any other materials released
  • 3.5.4. Assessment of the radiological consequences associated with the release or exposures
  • 3.5.5. Identifying possible non-radiological consequences
  • 3.5.6. Assessment of the effectiveness of possible protective actions
  • 4. Risk
  • 4.1. Define risk assessment
  • 4.1.1. Risk Identification
  • 4.1.2. Risk Analysis
  • 4.1.3. Risk Evaluation
  • 4.1.4. Risk Treatment
  • 4.2. Discuss national risk assessment methodology
  • 4.2.1. The United Nations activity for disaster risk reduction
  • 4.2.2. Process of national disaster risk assessment
  • 4.2.3. Implementing a national disaster risk assessment
  • 4.2.3.1.Stage I Preparing and scoping
  • 4.2.3.2.Stage II Conducting risk analysis
  • 4.2.3.3.Stage III Using NDRA results for disaster risk management and development decisions
  • 5. Case studies and examples of risk assessments
  • 5.1. Case study for a chemical risk assessment
  • 5.1.1. Evaluation the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans
  • 5.1.2. Evaluation the toxicogenic risk of chemicals to humans
  • 5.2. Case study for a Nuclear Power Plants
  • 5.2.1. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission safety assessment research
  • 5.2.2. Summary of research results
  • 6. Graded approach to addressing hazards and risks
  • 6.1. Determining the potential consequences from a hazard
  • 6.1.1. Selection of representative initiating events
  • 6.1.2. Scenario Development
  • 6.1.3. Consequence analysis
  • 6.1.4. Consequence Models
  • 6.1.5.1.Harmful Effects of Ionizing Radiation
  • 6.1.5.2.Effects on the Environment
  • 6.1.5.3.Radioactive contamination of territories and buildings
  • 6.2. Understanding likelihood
  • 6.2.1. Risk is defined through probabilities
  • 6.2.2. Risk is defined through uncertainties
  • 7. Managing and updating a national hazard assessment
  • 7.1. Establishing a first national hazard assessment for nuclear and radiological hazards
  • 7.1.1. Establishing a governance mechanism of hazard assessment
  • 7.1.2. Governance structure
  • 7.1.3. Legal framework
  • 7.1.4. Process agreements
  • 7.1.5. Defining the policy scope and technical scope of NDRA
  • 7.1.6. Policy scoping
  • 7.1.7. Scoring criteria for impact and likelihood
  • 7.1.8. Technical scoping
  • 7.2. An approach to update and maintain a national hazard assessment
  • 8. The role of the IAEA
  • 8.1. International Emergency Preparedness and Response System
  • 8.2. IAEA Safety Standards for Emergency Preparedness and Response
  • 8.3. International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
  • 8.4. Emergency Preparedness Review (EPREV)
  • 8.5. Response and Assistance Network (RANET)
  • 8.6. International Radiological Information Exchange (IRIX)
  • Conclusion
  • References

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