In this book, Carolyn A. MacDonald provides a comprehensive introduction to the physics of a wide range of x-ray applications, optics, and analysis tools. Theory is applied to practical considerations of optics and applications ranging from astronomy to medical imaging and materials analysis. Emphasizing common physical concepts that underpin diverse phenomena and applications of x-ray physics, the book opens with a look at nuclear medicine, motivating further investigations into scattering, detection, and noise statistics. The second section explores topics in x-ray generation, including characteristic emission, x-ray fluorescence analysis, bremsstrahlung emission, and synchrotron and laser sources. The third section details the main forms of interaction, including the physics of photoelectric absorption, coherent and Compton scattering, diffraction, and refractive, reflective, and diffractive optics. Applications in this section include x-ray spectroscopy, crystallography, and dose and contrast in radiography. A bibliography is included at the end of every chapter, and solutions to chapter problems are provided in the appendix. Based on a course for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in physics and related sciences and also intended for researchers, An Introduction to X-Ray Physics, Optics, and Applications offers a thorough survey of the physics of x-ray generation and of interaction with materials.Common aspects of diverse phenomena emphasizedTheoretical development tied to practical applications Suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in physics or related sciences, as well as researchersExamples and problems include applications drawn from medicine, astronomy, and materials analysisDetailed solutions are provided for all examples and problems.

• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• CONTENTS
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• List of Constants and Variables
• PART I. FOUNDATIONS
  • 1. INTRODUCTION
    • 1.1 The discovery
    • 1.2 What is an x ray?
    • 1.3 What makes x rays useful?
    • 1.4 The layout of the text
    • 1.5 The elusive hyphen
    • Problems
    • Further reading
  • 2. A CASE STUDY: NUCLEAR MEDICINE
    • 2.1 Metastable emitters and half-life
    • 2.2 A brief introduction to nuclear decay
    • 2.3 Nuclear medicine
    • 2.4 Photon detection and scatter rejection
    • 2.5 Photon statistics
    • 2.6 SPECT
    • Problems
    • Further reading
• PART II. X-RAY GENERATION
  • 3. THERMAL SOURCES AND PLASMAS
    • 3.1 Blackbody radiation
    • 3.2 Generation of very hot plasmas
    • 3.3 Plasma frequency
    • 3.4 Debye length
    • 3.5 Screening and the Debye length
    • 3.6 Fluctuations and the Debye length
    • Problems
    • Further reading
  • 4. CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION, X-RAY TUBES, AND X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY
    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Core atomic levels
    • 4.3 Characteristic spectra
    • 4.4 Emission rates and intensity
    • 4.5 Auger emission
    • 4.6 Line widths
    • 4.7 X-ray fluorescence
    • Problems
    • Further reading
  • 5. SOURCE INTENSITY, DIVERGENCE, AND COHERENCE
    • 5.1 Intensity and angular intensity
    • 5.2 Photon intensity and photon angular intensity
    • 5.3 Brightness and brilliance
    • 5.4 Global divergence
    • 5.5 Local divergence
    • 5.6 X-ray tube design
    • 5.7 Coherence
    • 5.8 Spatial coherence
    • 5.9 Temporal coherence
    • 5.10 In-line phase imaging
    • Problems
    • Further reading
  • 6. BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION AND X-RAY TUBES
    • 6.1 Field from a moving charge
    • 6.2 Radiation from an accelerating (or decelerating) charge
    • 6.3 Emission from a very thin anode
    • 6.4 Emission from a thick anode
    • 6.5 Efficiency
    • 6.6 Thick-target photon emission rate modeling
    • 6.7 Spectral shaping
    • Problems
    • Further reading
  • 7. SYNCHROTRON RADIATION
    • 7.1 Classical (nonrelativistic) orbits
    • 7.2 Semiclassical analysis
    • 7.3 Relativistic bremsstrahlung
    • 7.4 Synchrotrons
    • 7.5 Pulse time and spectrum
    • 7.6 Insertion devices
    • 7.7 Collimation and coherence
    • Problems
    • Further reading
  • 8. X-RAY LASERS
    • 8.1 Stimulated and spontaneous emission
    • 8.2 Laser cavities
    • 8.3 Highly ionized plasmas
    • 8.4 High-harmonic generation
    • 8.5 Free-electron lasers
    • 8.6 Novel sources
    • Problems
    • Further reading
• PART III. X-RAY INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER
  • 9. PHOTOELECTRIC ABSORPTION, ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY, IMAGING, AND DETECTION
    • 9.1 Absorption coefficients
    • 9.2 Attenuation versus absorption
    • 9.3 Index of refraction
    • 9.4 Absorption coefficient of compounds and broadband radiation
    • 9.5 Absorption edges
    • 9.6 Absorption spectroscopy
    • 9.7 Filtering
    • 9.8 Imaging
      • 9.8.1 Contrast
      • 9.8.2 Dose
      • 9.8.3 Noise
    • 9.9 Detectors
    • 9.10 Tomosynthesis and tomography
    • Problems
    • Further reading
  • 10. COMPTON SCATTERING
    • 10.1 Conservation laws
    • 10.2 Compton cross section
    • 10.3 Inverse Compton sources
    • 10.4 Scatter in radiography
    • 10.5 Contrast with scatter
    • 10.6 Scatter reduction
    • Problems
    • Further reading
  • 11. COHERENT SCATTER I: REFRACTION AND REFLECTION
    • 11.1 Free-electron theory and the real part of the index of refraction
    • 11.2 Atomic scattering factor
    • 11.3 Phase velocity
    • 11.4 Slightly bound electrons and the phase response
    • 11.5 Kramers-Kronig relations
    • 11.6 Coherent scatter cross section
    • 11.7 Relativistic cross section
    • 11.8 Snell’s law
    • 11.9 Reflectivity
    • 11.10 Reflection coefficients at grazing incidence
    • 11.11 Surface roughness
    • Problems
    • Further reading
  • 12. REFRACTIVE AND REFLECTIVE OPTICS
    • 12.1 Refractive optics
    • 12.2 Reflective optics
      • 12.2.1 Elliptical mirrors
      • 12.2.2 Wolter optics
      • 12.2.3 Capillary optics
      • 12.2.4 Polycapillary optics
      • 12.2.5 Array optics
      • 12.2.6 Energy filtering
      • 12.2.7 Optics metrology
    • 12.3 Optics simulations
    • Problems
    • Further reading
  • 13. COHERENT SCATTER II: DIFFRACTION
    • 13.1 Scattering from a single electron
    • 13.2 Two electrons
    • 13.3 Scattering from an atom: Fourier transform relationships
    • 13.4 A chain of atoms
    • 13.5 Lattices and reciprocal lattices
    • 13.6 Planes
    • 13.7 Bragg’s law
    • 13.8 θ-2θ diffractometer
    • 13.9 Powder diffraction
    • 13.10 Structure factor
    • 13.11 Intensity
    • 13.12 Defects
      • 13.12.1 Mosaicity
      • 13.12.2 Thermal vibrations
      • 13.12.3 Crystal size
      • 13.12.4 Amorphous materials
    • 13.13 Resolution
      • 13.13.1 The effect of angular broadening
      • 13.13.2 Energy spread
      • 13.13.3 Global divergence and aperture size
      • 13.13.4 Local divergence
    • Problems
    • Further reading
  • 14. SINGLE-CRYSTAL AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL DIFFRACTION
    • 14.1 The Ewald sphere
    • 14.2 The θ-2θ diffractometer and the Rowland circle
    • 14.3 Aside: Proof that the angle of incidence is always θB on the Rowland circle
    • 14.4 Beam divergence
    • 14.5 Texture and strain measurements
    • 14.6 Single-crystal diffraction
    • 14.7 Laue geometry
    • 14.8 Protein crystallography
    • 14.9 The phase Problem
    • 14.10 Coherent diffraction imaging
    • 14.11 Dynamical diffraction
    • Problems
    • Further reading
  • 15. DIFFRACTION OPTICS
    • 15.1 Gratings
    • 15.2 Zone plates
    • 15.3 Crystal optics and multilayers
      • 15.3.1 Monochromators
      • 15.3.2 Multilayer optics
      • 15.3.3 Curved crystals
    • Problems
    • Further reading
  • Appendix: Solutions to End-of-Chapter Problems
  • Chapter 1
  • Chapter 2
  • Chapter 3
  • Chapter 4
  • Chapter 5
  • Chapter 6
  • Chapter 7
  • Chapter 8
  • Chapter 9
  • Chapter 10
  • Chapter 11
  • Chapter 12
  • Chapter 13
  • Chapter 14
  • Chapter 15
• Index