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Аннотация
"Extensively illustrated with over 300 colour photographs, this book describes how to diagnose hemp and cannabis crop diseases. It is aimed as a practical guide for farmers and growers, as well as researchers in plant pathology"--.
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Оглавление
- Diagnosing Hemp and Cannabis Crop Diseases
- Cover
- Copyright
- Contents
- Preface
- 1 The Cannabis Plant
- Classification
- Characteristics
- Hemp versus marijuana
- Sex
- Inflorescence
- Hemp root
- Seed
- Pathology
- References
- 2 The Concept of Plant Disease
- What is Plant Disease?
- Plant Disease Triangle and Pyramid
- Types of Plant Diseases
- Modes of Disease Transmission
- Plant Disease Cycles
- Plant-pathogenic Fungi and Plant Diseases They Cause
- Morphology
- Life cycles
- Plant diseases caused by fungi
and oomycetes
- Diseases caused by oomycetes
- Diseases caused by zygomycetes
- Diseases caused by ascomycetes and imperfect fungi
- Diseases caused by basidiomycetes
- Fungi reported from Cannabis sativa plants
- Plant-pathogenic Bacteria and Plant Diseases They Cause
- Morphology
- Life cycle
- Diseases caused by bacteria
- Agrobacterium diseases
- ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ diseases
- Ralstonia diseases
- Xylella diseases
- Xanthomonas diseases
- Pseudomonas diseases
- Dickeya diseases
- Erwinia diseases
- Pantoea diseases
- Spiroplasma diseases
- ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ diseases
- Plant Viruses and Viroids and Plant Diseases They Cause
- Morphology
- Life cycles and transmission
- Plant diseases caused by plant-pathogenic viruses
- Plant-parasitic Nematodes
- Morphology
- Life cycle
- Plant diseases caused by plant-parasitic nematodes
- Migratory ectoparasitic nematodes
- Migratory endoparasitic nematodes
- Semi-endoparasitic nematodes
- Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes
- Plant-parasitic Plants
- General Considerations for Disease Control
- Prevention
- Resistant varieties
- Disease-free seeds and mother plants
- Crop rotations
- Weed and arthropod control
- Sanitation
- Chemical treatment
- Integrated pest management
- Clinical diagnosis
- References
- 3 The Art of Plant Diagnostics
- The Definition of Disease Diagnosis
- Diagnosis
- Identification
- Detection
- Testing and analysis
- The truth of plant diagnostics
- The Traits of a Diagnostician
- Knowledge and skills
- Inquiring and open mind
- Logical thinking
- Research-oriented
- Detective
- Patience
- Accessibility to diagnostic labs
- The Types of Diagnosis
- Full diagnosis
- General diagnosis
- Testing-only diagnosis
- Identification-only diagnosis
- On-site field diagnosis
- The Levels of Plant Diagnostics
- Plant Diagnostic Flow
- Step 1: Identify plants
- Step 2: Consider all possible agents
- Step 3: Consult the literature
- Step 4: Define disease characteristics
- Step 5: Study symptoms and signs
- Overdevelopment
- Underdevelopment
- Tissue necrosis
- Wilting
- Alteration of appearance
- Symptom complexity and disease complex
- Step 6: Laboratory examination and analysis
- Step 7: Test pathogenicity
- Step 8: Finalize diagnosis
- The Power of Universal Diagnosis
- Limitations of specific detection
- Next-generation sequencing
- DNA barcoding
- Broad diagnostic target
- Sample Submission
- Timing of sampling and submission
- What to take
- Sample storage
- Additional information
- Common mistakes
- References
- The Definition of Disease Diagnosis
- 4 Building a Diagnostic Laboratory
- The Purpose of a Diagnostic Laboratory
- Levels of Plant Diagnostic Labs
- Lab Layout and Functional Areas
- Sample receiving and observation table
- Walk-in cold storage room
- Equipment area
- Preparation room
- Microorganism isolation, culture and examination room
- Electrophoresis and gel extraction area
- Pre- and post-PCR areas
- Main working area
- Nematode extraction room
- Diagnostic library and offices
- Lab Equipment and Systems
- Eyewash and safety shower station
- Autoclaves
- Ice maker
- Biosafety cabinet
- Fume hood
- Freezers
- Refrigerators
- Microscopes
- Balances, magnetic stirrers and pH meters
- Centrifuges
- Incubators and ovens
- Growth chambers and greenhouse
- ELISA testing system
- Nematode extraction system
- Molecular diagnosis instruments
- Lab Supplies
- Lab Techniques
- Visual assessment
- Morphological approach
- Microbiological approach
- Serology-based approach
- Molecular approach
- Bioinformatics approach
- Laboratory Quality Management System
- Diagnostic Lab Accreditation
- References
- 5 Diagnostic Procedures and Protocols
- Visual Examination
- Objectives
- Components
- Procedures
- Systemic examinations
- Microscopic Examination
- Objectives
- Components
- Procedures
- Direct observations
- Bacterial streaming
- Blotting
- Moist Chamber Induction of Pathogens
- Isolation and Extraction
- Fungal and oomycete isolation
- Procedures
- Medium selection
- Amending media with antibiotics
- Assessment of colony growth
- Medium formulas and procedures
- Bacterial isolation
- Serial dilution method
- Streaking plate method
- Glass beads spread
- Single colony pick-up and culture
- Virus isolation and purification
- Isolation
- Propagation and purification
- Observation under electron microscope
- Nematode extraction
- Baermann funnel
- Mist chamber
- Wet sieving
- Sugar flotation
- Preserving nematodes
- Observing nematodes under a compound microscope
- Making permanent slides
- Fungal and oomycete isolation
- Serology-based Tests
- Principle
- Immunostrip test
- Immunofluorescent microscopy
- Confocal laser scanning microscopy
- Immunogold labelling for electron microscopy
- ELISA
- PCR-based Detection
- Principle
- Conventional PCR
- Nested PCR
- Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR)
- Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)
- Prevention of post-PCR product contamination
- Resuspending and diluting PCR primers and probes
- Restriction Enzyme Digestion
- DNA Sequence-based Identification
- Purification of organism or culture
- Hyphal tipping
- Single spore isolation
- Single sclerotium isolation
- DNA extraction
- From plant tissue
- From fungal or oomycete culture
- From bacterial culture
- From nematodes
- From soil
- From arthropod tissue
- Measurement of DNA concentration
- Amplification of a DNA fragment using universal primers
- Direct PCR from single bacterial colony
- Direct PCR from fungal spores
- Gel electrophoresis
- TAE buffer
- Prepare, load and run a gel
- Staining gel with ethidium bromide
- Decontamination of EB-containing TAE buffer
- PCR product purification
- DNA extraction from gel
- PCR clean up
- Direct sequencing of PCR products
- Cloning of a PCR product
- Rational and principle
- Procedures
- Storing transformed cells in glycerol
- Sequence assembling
- BLAST search
- Submitting DNA sequences to NCBI
- References
- Visual Examination
- 6 Diagnosing Seed and Bud Diseases
- Inviable Seeds
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Latent Infection of Seeds by Alternaria Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Isolation and colony observation
- Microscopic examination
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Infection of Seeds by Rhizopus Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Visual and microscopic examination of seeds
- Isolation and colony observation
- Microscopic examination of Rhizopus
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Powdery Mildew of Buds
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Microscopic examination
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Botrytis Bud Rot Caused
by Botrytis cinerea
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Microscopic examination
- Isolation and Colony Observation
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Other Moulds Associated with Buds
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Microscopic examination
- Isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Seed and Bud Disease Management
- Using certified seeds
- Properly storing seeds
- Reducing salt stress
- Adjusting growth and postharvest environment
- Inspecting and sanitizing
- Treating seeds
- Coating Seeds
- Treating plants with PGPR
- Treating plants with registered products
- References
- Inviable Seeds
- 7 Diagnosing Foliar Diseases
- Hemp Leaf Spot Caused
by Alternaria Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Microscopic examination
- Isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Pathogenicity test
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Hemp Leaf Blight Caused
by Alternaria Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Microscopic examination
- Isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Pathogenicity Test
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Sooty Mould Caused by Aphid Infestation and Cladosporium Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Lab diagnosis
- Microscopic examination
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Field diagnosis
- Hemp Leaf Spot and Blight
Caused by Bipolaris Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Microscopic examination
- Pathogen isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Hemp Leaf Blight Caused
by Exserohilum rostratum
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Microscopic examination
- Pathogen isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Hemp Leaf Spot Caused
by Cercospora Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Microscopic examination and moisture chamber induction
- Pathogen isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Hemp Leaf Spot Caused
by Serratia marcescens
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Microscopic examination and bacterial streaming observation
- Pathogen isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Hemp Leaf Spot Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. cannabis
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Microscopic examination and bacterial streaming observation
- Pathogen isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Pathogenicity test
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Other Foliar Diseases
- Foliar Disease Management
- Using resistant varieties
- Treating seeds
- Rotating crops
- Reducing primary inoculum
- Spacing plants
- Using drip irrigation
- Applying approved products
- References
- Hemp Leaf Spot Caused
by Alternaria Species
- 8 Diagnosing Stem Diseases
- Hemp Southern Blight Caused
by Athelia rolfsii
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Visual and microscopic examinations
- Isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Pathogenicity test
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Hemp Charcoal Rot Caused
by Macrophomina phaseolina
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Visual and microscopic examinations
- Isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Pathogenicity test
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Hemp Stem Canker, Stem Rot and Crown Rot Caused by Fusarium Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Visual examination and moist chamber induction of pathogen
- Microscopic examinations
- Isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Hemp Stem Canker and Crown Rot Caused by Sclerotinia Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Visual and microscopic examinations
- Isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Hemp Collar Rot Caused by Plectosphaerella cucumerina
- Field diagnosis
- Lab diagnosis
- Hemp Crown Rot Caused
by Pythium Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Visual and microscopic examinations
- Isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Hemp Crown Soft Rot Caused by Enterobacter Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Visual and microscopic examinations
- Isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Pathogenicity test
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Stem Disease Management
- Planting clean seeds and healthy cuttings
- Knowing what is in the soil
- Rotating crops
- Managing watering
- Managing canopy and plant spacing
- Controlling weeds
- Reducing pathogen inoculum
- References
- Hemp Southern Blight Caused
by Athelia rolfsii
- 9 Diagnosing Root Diseases
- Hemp Root Rot Caused
by Fusarium Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Visual and microscopic examinations
- Isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Pathogenicity test
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Hemp Root Rot Caused
by Pythium Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Visual and microscopic examinations
- Isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Hemp Root Rot Caused
by Rhizoctonia Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Visual and microscopic examinations
- Isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Hemp Root Rot Caused by Enterobacter Species
- Hemp Root Knot Caused
by Meloidogyne Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Visual and microscopic examinations
- Nematode extraction from soil
- Morphological identification
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Other Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and Root Disease Complex
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Examination for endoparasitic nematodes from roots
- Examination of migratory endoparasitic nematodes from roots
- Examination of ectoparasitic nematodes from soil
- Morphological identification
- DNA-based identification
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Root Disease Management
- Preventing pathogen introduction
- Testing and monitoring soil health
- Mitigating environmental stress
- Amending soil with biocontrol agents
- Controlling nematodes
- Fallowing fields and rotating crops
- Treating soil with fungicides
- References
- Hemp Root Rot Caused
by Fusarium Species
- 10 Diagnosing Systemic Diseases
- Vascular Wilt Caused
by Fusarium Species
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Visual and microscopic examinations
- Isolation and colony observation
- DNA-based identification
- Pathogenicity test
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Witches’ Broom Caused
by Phytoplasmas
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Visual and microscopic examinations
- Dienes’ staining and light microscopy
- DAPI staining and fluorescence microscopy
- Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR)
- DNA-based identification
- Pathogenicity test
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Leaf Curl Caused by Beet
Curly Top Virus (BCTV)
- Field diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Problem classification
- Do your own diagnosis
- Sampling
- Lab diagnosis
- Symptom observation and sub-sampling
- ELISA
- PCR and DNA-based identification
- Virus purification, characterization and electron microscopy (EM)
- Key diagnostic evidence
- Field diagnosis
- Plant Stunting Caused by Hop Latent Viroid
- Leaf Chlorosis Caused by Lettuce Chlorosis Virus
- Other Viral Diseases
- Systemic Disease Management
- Monitoring mother plant health
- Managing insect vectors
- Controlling weeds
- Selecting a right field location
- Using resistant varieties
- Avoiding contact transmission
- Reducing abiotic stresses
- References
- Vascular Wilt Caused
by Fusarium Species
- 11 Diagnosing Non-infectious Diseases
- Environmental Injuries
- Drought stress
- Sub-zero temperatures
- Non-optimal lighting
- Alkaline soil
- Phytotoxicity
- Nutrient Deficiency
- Chimera
- Non-infectious Disease Management
- References
- Environmental Injuries
- 12 Diagnosing Insect and Mite Damage
- Hemp Russet Mites (Aculops cannibicola)
- Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Spider Mites
- Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Leaf Miners
- Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Cannabis Aphid (Phorodon cannabis)
- Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Whiteflies
- Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Thrips
- Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Stem Borers
- Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Macroscopic Insects
- Insect Specimen Collection and Submission
- Arthropod Pest Management
- Preventing pest entry to indoor facilities
- Monitoring pests throughout production
- Eliminating alternative host plants for pests
- Planting barrier crops
- Trapping flying insects
- Using natural enemies
- Applying alternative products
- References
- Hemp Russet Mites (Aculops cannibicola)
- 13 Holistic Diagnosis and Cannabis Microbiome
- Pest and Disease Complexes
- Multi-pest infestations
- Multi-pathogen infections
- Multi-species in the same genus
- Multi-type pathogens infecting a plant
- A list of pathogens infecting a crop
- Disease complexes involving nematodes and soilborne pathogens
- Pest–pathogen complexes
- Microbiota and Microbiome
- Epiphytes
- Endophytes
- The benefits and drawbacks of Cannabis microbiota
- References
- Pest and Disease Complexes
- Index
- Back Cover
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