Diagnosing hemp and cannabis crop diseases

Wang, Shouhua

Details

Title	Diagnosing hemp and cannabis crop diseases
Creators	Wang Shouhua ((Plant pathologist),)
Collection	Электронные книги зарубежных издательств ; Общая коллекция
Subjects	Cannabis — Identification. — Diseases and pests ; Hemp — Identification. — Diseases and pests ; Hemp — Diseases and pests. ; EBSCO eBooks
Document type	Other
File type	PDF
Language	English
Rights	Доступ по паролю из сети Интернет (чтение, печать, копирование)
Record key	on1263249255
Record create date	7/27/2021

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"Extensively illustrated with over 300 colour photographs, this book describes how to diagnose hemp and cannabis crop diseases. It is aimed as a practical guide for farmers and growers, as well as researchers in plant pathology"--.

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Diagnosing Hemp and Cannabis Crop Diseases
Cover
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1 The Cannabis Plant
- Classification
- Characteristics
  - Hemp versus marijuana
  - Sex
  - Inflorescence
  - Hemp root
  - Seed
- Pathology
- References
2 The Concept of Plant Disease
- What is Plant Disease?
- Plant Disease Triangle and Pyramid
- Types of Plant Diseases
- Modes of Disease Transmission
- Plant Disease Cycles
- Plant-pathogenic Fungi and Plant Diseases They Cause
  - Morphology
  - Life cycles
  - Plant diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes
    - Diseases caused by oomycetes
    - Diseases caused by zygomycetes
    - Diseases caused by ascomycetes and imperfect fungi
    - Diseases caused by basidiomycetes
    - Fungi reported from Cannabis sativa plants
- Plant-pathogenic Bacteria and Plant Diseases They Cause
  - Morphology
  - Life cycle
  - Diseases caused by bacteria
    - Agrobacterium diseases
    - ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ diseases
    - Ralstonia diseases
    - Xylella diseases
    - Xanthomonas diseases
    - Pseudomonas diseases
    - Dickeya diseases
    - Erwinia diseases
    - Pantoea diseases
    - Spiroplasma diseases
    - ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ diseases
- Plant Viruses and Viroids and Plant Diseases They Cause
  - Morphology
  - Life cycles and transmission
  - Plant diseases caused by plant-pathogenic viruses
- Plant-parasitic Nematodes
  - Morphology
  - Life cycle
  - Plant diseases caused by plant-parasitic nematodes
    - Migratory ectoparasitic nematodes
    - Migratory endoparasitic nematodes
    - Semi-endoparasitic nematodes
    - Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes
- Plant-parasitic Plants
- General Considerations for Disease Control
  - Prevention
  - Resistant varieties
  - Disease-free seeds and mother plants
  - Crop rotations
  - Weed and arthropod control
  - Sanitation
  - Chemical treatment
  - Integrated pest management
  - Clinical diagnosis
- References
3 The Art of Plant Diagnostics
- The Definition of Disease Diagnosis
  - Diagnosis
  - Identification
  - Detection
  - Testing and analysis
  - The truth of plant diagnostics
- The Traits of a Diagnostician
  - Knowledge and skills
  - Inquiring and open mind
  - Logical thinking
  - Research-oriented
  - Detective
  - Patience
  - Accessibility to diagnostic labs
- The Types of Diagnosis
  - Full diagnosis
  - General diagnosis
  - Testing-only diagnosis
  - Identification-only diagnosis
  - On-site field diagnosis
- The Levels of Plant Diagnostics
- Plant Diagnostic Flow
  - Step 1: Identify plants
  - Step 2: Consider all possible agents
  - Step 3: Consult the literature
  - Step 4: Define disease characteristics
  - Step 5: Study symptoms and signs
    - Overdevelopment
    - Underdevelopment
    - Tissue necrosis
    - Wilting
    - Alteration of appearance
    - Symptom complexity and disease complex
  - Step 6: Laboratory examination and analysis
  - Step 7: Test pathogenicity
  - Step 8: Finalize diagnosis
- The Power of Universal Diagnosis
  - Limitations of specific detection
  - Next-generation sequencing
  - DNA barcoding
  - Broad diagnostic target
- Sample Submission
  - Timing of sampling and submission
  - What to take
  - Sample storage
  - Additional information
  - Common mistakes
- References
4 Building a Diagnostic Laboratory
- The Purpose of a Diagnostic Laboratory
- Levels of Plant Diagnostic Labs
- Lab Layout and Functional Areas
  - Sample receiving and observation table
  - Walk-in cold storage room
  - Equipment area
  - Preparation room
  - Microorganism isolation, culture and examination room
  - Electrophoresis and gel extraction area
  - Pre- and post-PCR areas
  - Main working area
  - Nematode extraction room
  - Diagnostic library and offices
- Lab Equipment and Systems
  - Eyewash and safety shower station
  - Autoclaves
  - Ice maker
  - Biosafety cabinet
  - Fume hood
  - Freezers
  - Refrigerators
  - Microscopes
  - Balances, magnetic stirrers and pH meters
  - Centrifuges
  - Incubators and ovens
  - Growth chambers and greenhouse
  - ELISA testing system
  - Nematode extraction system
  - Molecular diagnosis instruments
- Lab Supplies
- Lab Techniques
  - Visual assessment
  - Morphological approach
  - Microbiological approach
  - Serology-based approach
  - Molecular approach
  - Bioinformatics approach
- Laboratory Quality Management System
- Diagnostic Lab Accreditation
- References
5 Diagnostic Procedures and Protocols
- Visual Examination
  - Objectives
  - Components
  - Procedures
  - Systemic examinations
- Microscopic Examination
  - Objectives
  - Components
  - Procedures
    - Direct observations
    - Bacterial streaming
    - Blotting
- Moist Chamber Induction of Pathogens
- Isolation and Extraction
  - Fungal and oomycete isolation
    - Procedures
    - Medium selection
    - Amending media with antibiotics
    - Assessment of colony growth
    - Medium formulas and procedures
  - Bacterial isolation
    - Serial dilution method
    - Streaking plate method
    - Glass beads spread
    - Single colony pick-up and culture
  - Virus isolation and purification
    - Isolation
    - Propagation and purification
    - Observation under electron microscope
  - Nematode extraction
    - Baermann funnel
    - Mist chamber
    - Wet sieving
    - Sugar flotation
  - Preserving nematodes
    - Observing nematodes under a compound microscope
    - Making permanent slides
- Serology-based Tests
  - Principle
  - Immunostrip test
  - Immunofluorescent microscopy
  - Confocal laser scanning microscopy
  - Immunogold labelling for electron microscopy
  - ELISA
- PCR-based Detection
  - Principle
  - Conventional PCR
  - Nested PCR
  - Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR)
  - Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)
    - Prevention of post-PCR product contamination
  - Resuspending and diluting PCR primers and probes
- Restriction Enzyme Digestion
  - DNA Sequence-based Identification
  - Purification of organism or culture
    - Hyphal tipping
    - Single spore isolation
    - Single sclerotium isolation
  - DNA extraction
    - From plant tissue
    - From fungal or oomycete culture
    - From bacterial culture
    - From nematodes
    - From soil
    - From arthropod tissue
  - Measurement of DNA concentration
  - Amplification of a DNA fragment using universal primers
  - Direct PCR from single bacterial colony
  - Direct PCR from fungal spores
  - Gel electrophoresis
    - TAE buffer
    - Prepare, load and run a gel
    - Staining gel with ethidium bromide
    - Decontamination of EB-containing TAE buffer
  - PCR product purification
    - DNA extraction from gel
    - PCR clean up
  - Direct sequencing of PCR products
  - Cloning of a PCR product
    - Rational and principle
    - Procedures
  - Storing transformed cells in glycerol
  - Sequence assembling
  - BLAST search
  - Submitting DNA sequences to NCBI
- References
6 Diagnosing Seed and Bud Diseases
- Inviable Seeds
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Latent Infection of Seeds by Alternaria Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Isolation and colony observation
    - Microscopic examination
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Infection of Seeds by Rhizopus Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Visual and microscopic examination of seeds
    - Isolation and colony observation
    - Microscopic examination of Rhizopus
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Powdery Mildew of Buds
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Microscopic examination
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Botrytis Bud Rot Caused by Botrytis cinerea
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Microscopic examination
    - Isolation and Colony Observation
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Other Moulds Associated with Buds
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Microscopic examination
    - Isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Seed and Bud Disease Management
  - Using certified seeds
  - Properly storing seeds
  - Reducing salt stress
  - Adjusting growth and postharvest environment
  - Inspecting and sanitizing
  - Treating seeds
  - Coating Seeds
  - Treating plants with PGPR
  - Treating plants with registered products
- References
7 Diagnosing Foliar Diseases
- Hemp Leaf Spot Caused by Alternaria Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Microscopic examination
    - Isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
    - Pathogenicity test
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Hemp Leaf Blight Caused by Alternaria Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Microscopic examination
    - Isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
    - Pathogenicity Test
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Sooty Mould Caused by Aphid Infestation and Cladosporium Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Microscopic examination
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
- Hemp Leaf Spot and Blight Caused by Bipolaris Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Microscopic examination
    - Pathogen isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Hemp Leaf Blight Caused by Exserohilum rostratum
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Microscopic examination
    - Pathogen isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Hemp Leaf Spot Caused by Cercospora Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Microscopic examination and moisture chamber induction
    - Pathogen isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Hemp Leaf Spot Caused by Serratia marcescens
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Microscopic examination and bacterial streaming observation
    - Pathogen isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Hemp Leaf Spot Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. cannabis
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Microscopic examination and bacterial streaming observation
    - Pathogen isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
    - Pathogenicity test
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Other Foliar Diseases
- Foliar Disease Management
  - Using resistant varieties
  - Treating seeds
  - Rotating crops
  - Reducing primary inoculum
  - Spacing plants
  - Using drip irrigation
  - Applying approved products
- References
8 Diagnosing Stem Diseases
- Hemp Southern Blight Caused by Athelia rolfsii
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Visual and microscopic examinations
    - Isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
    - Pathogenicity test
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Hemp Charcoal Rot Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Visual and microscopic examinations
    - Isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
    - Pathogenicity test
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Hemp Stem Canker, Stem Rot and Crown Rot Caused by Fusarium Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Visual examination and moist chamber induction of pathogen
    - Microscopic examinations
    - Isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Hemp Stem Canker and Crown Rot Caused by Sclerotinia Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Visual and microscopic examinations
    - Isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Hemp Collar Rot Caused by Plectosphaerella cucumerina
  - Field diagnosis
  - Lab diagnosis
- Hemp Crown Rot Caused by Pythium Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Visual and microscopic examinations
    - Isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Hemp Crown Soft Rot Caused by Enterobacter Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Visual and microscopic examinations
    - Isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
    - Pathogenicity test
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Stem Disease Management
  - Planting clean seeds and healthy cuttings
  - Knowing what is in the soil
  - Rotating crops
  - Managing watering
  - Managing canopy and plant spacing
  - Controlling weeds
  - Reducing pathogen inoculum
- References
9 Diagnosing Root Diseases
- Hemp Root Rot Caused by Fusarium Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Visual and microscopic examinations
    - Isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
    - Pathogenicity test
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Hemp Root Rot Caused by Pythium Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Visual and microscopic examinations
    - Isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Hemp Root Rot Caused by Rhizoctonia Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Visual and microscopic examinations
    - Isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Hemp Root Rot Caused by Enterobacter Species
- Hemp Root Knot Caused by Meloidogyne Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Visual and microscopic examinations
    - Nematode extraction from soil
    - Morphological identification
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Other Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and Root Disease Complex
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Examination for endoparasitic nematodes from roots
    - Examination of migratory endoparasitic nematodes from roots
    - Examination of ectoparasitic nematodes from soil
    - Morphological identification
    - DNA-based identification
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Root Disease Management
  - Preventing pathogen introduction
  - Testing and monitoring soil health
  - Mitigating environmental stress
  - Amending soil with biocontrol agents
  - Controlling nematodes
  - Fallowing fields and rotating crops
  - Treating soil with fungicides
- References
10 Diagnosing Systemic Diseases
- Vascular Wilt Caused by Fusarium Species
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Visual and microscopic examinations
    - Isolation and colony observation
    - DNA-based identification
    - Pathogenicity test
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Witches’ Broom Caused by Phytoplasmas
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Visual and microscopic examinations
    - Dienes’ staining and light microscopy
    - DAPI staining and fluorescence microscopy
    - Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR)
    - DNA-based identification
    - Pathogenicity test
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Leaf Curl Caused by Beet Curly Top Virus (BCTV)
  - Field diagnosis
    - Symptoms
    - Problem classification
    - Do your own diagnosis
    - Sampling
  - Lab diagnosis
    - Symptom observation and sub-sampling
    - ELISA
    - PCR and DNA-based identification
    - Virus purification, characterization and electron microscopy (EM)
  - Key diagnostic evidence
- Plant Stunting Caused by Hop Latent Viroid
- Leaf Chlorosis Caused by Lettuce Chlorosis Virus
- Other Viral Diseases
- Systemic Disease Management
  - Monitoring mother plant health
  - Managing insect vectors
  - Controlling weeds
  - Selecting a right field location
  - Using resistant varieties
  - Avoiding contact transmission
  - Reducing abiotic stresses
- References
11 Diagnosing Non-infectious Diseases
- Environmental Injuries
  - Drought stress
  - Sub-zero temperatures
  - Non-optimal lighting
  - Alkaline soil
- Phytotoxicity
- Nutrient Deficiency
- Chimera
- Non-infectious Disease Management
- References
12 Diagnosing Insect and Mite Damage
- Hemp Russet Mites (Aculops cannibicola)
  - Symptoms
  - Diagnosis
- Spider Mites
  - Symptoms
  - Diagnosis
- Leaf Miners
  - Symptoms
  - Diagnosis
- Cannabis Aphid (Phorodon cannabis)
  - Symptoms
  - Diagnosis
- Whiteflies
  - Symptoms
  - Diagnosis
- Thrips
  - Symptoms
  - Diagnosis
- Stem Borers
  - Symptoms
  - Diagnosis
- Macroscopic Insects
- Insect Specimen Collection and Submission
- Arthropod Pest Management
  - Preventing pest entry to indoor facilities
  - Monitoring pests throughout production
  - Eliminating alternative host plants for pests
  - Planting barrier crops
  - Trapping flying insects
  - Using natural enemies
  - Applying alternative products
- References
13 Holistic Diagnosis and Cannabis Microbiome
- Pest and Disease Complexes
  - Multi-pest infestations
  - Multi-pathogen infections
    - Multi-species in the same genus
    - Multi-type pathogens infecting a plant
    - A list of pathogens infecting a crop
  - Disease complexes involving nematodes and soilborne pathogens
  - Pest–pathogen complexes
- Microbiota and Microbiome
  - Epiphytes
  - Endophytes
  - The benefits and drawbacks of Cannabis microbiota
- References
Index
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