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Table Card RUSMARC
Title: Archaeopress archaeology. Orientation of prehistoric monuments in Britain: a reassessment
Creators: Marshall Alistair
Collection: Электронные книги зарубежных издательств; Общая коллекция
Subjects: Megalithic monuments; Prehistoric archaeology.; Landscape archaeology.; SOCIAL SCIENCE — Archaeology.; Megalithic monuments.; EBSCO eBooks
Document type: Other
File type: PDF
Language: English
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Record key: on1267299675

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Table of Contents

  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Information
  • Abstract
  • Section 01: Introduction
    • 01a Preliminary notes for readers:
    • 01b Table of contents
    • 01c Preface
    • 01d Guide for use of digital images (e-Figures)
    • 01e National distributions of sites that appear in the analysis
    • 01f Glossary of terms used in the analysis
    • 01g Introduction
  • Cues and targets for alignment
  • Section 02: Cues for axial alignment
    • Section 02a:
    • The axis of monuments
      • Definition and analysis of data
        • Adequacy of published sources
        • Precision and accuracy of data
        • Use of context-free data sets
      • Discussion of the axis
        • Definition of axis
        • Symmetry within an axis
        • Abstract notions of direction
        • Alignment behaviour between regions and over time
        • Intervals between determination of orientation at a monument and its fuller construction
        • The status of the axis
        • Types of axis
          • -Scope of intended axial usage: transient or continuing
          • -Degree of active involvement of the axis in ritual at the site
          • -Range of physical relevance
        • Directed ritual: transmission and reception
    • Section 02b: Possible targets for alignment
      • Potential targets for orientation of monuments
      • Problems of interpretation
      • Types of target
        • Random alignment
        • Topographical conformity
        • Imitative alignment
        • Reference to celestial cues
        • Axial compromise: a case from the Cotswold-Severn group of long barrows
        • Use of other monuments as targets
        • Axial combination
        • Alternatives for targeting the solar transit
      • The influence of climatic factors on orientation
      • Use of celestial targets
        • The type of astronomical object involved
        • Use of universal or site-specific targets
        • Reference to the solar cycle, and use of limiting positions
        • The complexity of the astronomical target
        • The elevation of the astronomical object, or event, used to determine orientation
        • Solar shadow-casting
        • The transit of the sun
        • Reference to the lunar cycle
        • Use of stellar and planetary cycles
      • Other considerations
        • Orientations beyond the solar and lunar range
        • Properties of data from observation of a moving solar target
      • Latitude-dependent factors affecting alignment of monuments
        • Local onset of the seasons
        • Properties of the solar cycle
      • The seasonal-solar model of alignment for long barrows: a simplified example
        • Test areas
        • The model
        • Conclusions
        • Discussion
      • Divisions of the year
        • The Celtic agrarian calendar
        • The megalithic calendar
        • Stellar motion and the agricultural calendar: Classical sources
    • Section 02c: Astronomical issues
      • Methods
        • Calculation of astronomically significant positions within the solar and lunar cycles at defined latitudes: rising, setting, and transit
        • Solar events
        • Lunar events
        • Problems with over-specific use of astronomical data
        • Adjustment of solar and lunar risings and settings for topography at the local horizon
      • The solar transit: properties
        • Basic physical properties of the solar transit
        • Definitions
          • -limiting positions of the transit on the horizon
          • -zonation of the transit and changes in its properties with latitude
        • Axial intersection of the solar transit: transit-frequency
        • Solstices and equinoxes: the effects of latitude and longitude on azimuth and timing
        • Tracking the solar transit
        • Dwell-time of the sun in a particular direction: seasonal variation
        • Use of near-setting or -rising positions of the sun as cues for alignment: implications for the seasonal-solar model of alignment behaviour
        • Alignments: banding for analysis of regional distributions
        • Visualising the solar transit at winter minimum (e-FIGS AS-04b and c)
      • The lunar transit: properties
        • Basic properties of the lunar transit
        • Complexity of the lunar transit
        • Combination of lunar and solar cycles
        • S’n moon-skim: the minimal lunar transit between major S’n standstills
      • Constellations
        • The Orion group
          • Brightness
          • Directions of rising and setting
          • Patterns of rising and setting during the year
          • Changes in the daily timing, and visibility of rising, and settings over millennia
        • Consideration of other stars as potential targets for alignment of monuments
        • Stars: changing visibility in the night sky: specific examples
      • Planets
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
  • Groups of monuments in the analysis
  • Section 03: Axial alignment amongst particular groups of monument
    • Analysis of the orientation of long barrows, and other chambered tombs from the European Neolithic
      • Introduction
        • The monuments and their orientation
        • Aspects of orientation for assessment
      • Proposal of some general model for orientation
      • The need for comparative studies
      • Evolution of alignment-practice
      • Existing interpretation of orientation amongst chambered tombs
      • The nature of the axis at long barrows
      • The timing of its construction
      • Types of axial structure
      • Persistence of the axis
      • Complications in measurement of axes
        • Asymmetric sites
        • Symmetrical sites
        • Composite monuments
      • Directionality at long barrows
        • Facing versus pointing
        • Structural trends
        • Alignment of human remains
      • Analysis of alignment amongst groups of long barrows
        • Results of the analysis
      • Factors determining axial alignment amongst these funerary monuments
        • The seasonal-solar model (e-FIG CO-02);
        • Grouping of sites
        • Factors interacting to determine the axis of a long barrow
      • Anomalous orientation of passage tombs in Ireland
      • The Orion group of constellations: possible relevance of risings and settings to funerary ritual
      • Determination of environmental factors important in seasonally-dependent models for monumental construction: application to long barrows
        • Onset of the seasons
        • The basic cycle
        • The seasonal labour cycle
        • The ergonomics of monumental construction
        • Timing of construction projects
        • Interpretation of barrow alignment in terms of seasonal activity (e-FIGS LB-41 and 41a)
        • Comparison of barrow alignment over the range of latitudes
      • Orientation of longhouses
        • Relationship with long barrows
      • Climatic cues
        • -Neolithic longhouses
        • -comparison of orientation between Neolithic barrows and longhouses
        • -other long- and round-houses
        • -anthropological parallels
      • Cues for alignment
      • Directed illumination of interior structures at chambered tombs
        • Introduction
        • The case against directed illumination
        • General conclusions
        • Properties of candidate monuments
        • Alternative interpretations
          • -deposition and display
          • -Knowth site 1: alternative uses of light
        • Supplementary information on sites: directed illumination
      • Study area: long barrows in the N’n Cotswolds
        • The general area and its long barrows
        • Analysis of orientation (e-FIG LB-16 and 17)
        • Siting of barrows
        • The detailed study area: N’n Cotswolds (e-FIG LB-89)
      • Long barrows: interaction between axis and topography: comparative analysis of long barrows in the Cotswolds, mid-Wye valley, and on the Lincolnshire Wolds
        • The study areas
        • Conclusions
      • Differences in mean axial alignment between samples of long barrows from the Cotswolds and Lincolnshire Wolds: relevance for the seasonal-solar model of barrow construction
      • The Dorstone Hill complex; Herefs; SO 3242;
      • More detailed analysis of orientation within regional groups of funerary monument
        • Case study 1: long barrows in S’n England (e-FIG LB-92)
        • Case study 2: barrow groups from Scotland (e-FIG LB-93)
        • General discussion
        • Regional variation and latitude-dependant effects
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
      • Appendix: sites producing data used in the analysis:
    • Section 03a:
    • Section 03b:
    • The orientation of augmented long barrows in Britain
      • Introduction
        • Problems in use of the term ‘bank barrow’
        • Further definition of length and shape amongst long barrows
        • Redefinition of this group of long barrow-like monuments
      • Analysis of orientation amongst augmented barrow monuments
      • Supplementary information: details of sites
        • Composite barrows
        • Linked sites
        • Unitary sites
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
    • Section 03c: Analysis of the orientation of cursus monuments in Britain
      • Cursus monuments and their orientation
      • General introduction
        • Context
        • Definition
        • Distribution
        • Function
        • Location
        • Properties
      • Illustrated examples
      • The scope of this analysis, and inherent problems
      • Analysis of orientation at cursus sites
        • Alignments and the solar transit
        • Methods
        • Results
      • Structural differentiation between directions in the axis of cursus monuments
      • Aspects of distribution and associations of cursus sites
      • Case studies: spatial analysis of surrounding monuments and their possible relationship with axial alignment of the cursus
        • The Dorset Cursus (see Table of Contents: 03c/8a; e-FIGS CU-03 to 06)
        • The Fladbury group of smaller cursoid enclosures; SO 9846; Evesham, Worcs; e-FIGS CU-08 and 08a;
        • The Rudston cursus complex (see Table of Contents: 03c/8b; e-FIGS CU-12 to 14)
      • Existing astronomical interpretation: one example
      • The relationship between alignment of cursus sites and solstitial axes
        • General conclusions
      • Association between barrows and cursus monuments
      • Evidence for differentiation between the ends of cursus monuments
      • Case studies
        • Dorchester on Thames; Oxon; SU 5795; length >1600; width 60m; axis 128-308oG; NMR SU59NE 5; e-FIGS CU-02 and 21;
        • The Dorset Cursus; Dorset; SU 0115; length 9900m; width about 100m; axis 049-229oG between extreme terminals; NMR linear 41; e-FIGS CU-03 to 06; phot CU-01 to 02;
        • Drayton; Oxon; SU 4894; total length 1700m; width 75m; axis: N’n sector 016-196oG, S’n sector 025-205oG; NMR SU49SE 83; e-FIG CU-07; phot CU-03;
        • Fornham All Saints; Suffolk; TL 8367; length >1870m; width 23-34m; axis 142-322oG; NMR TL86NW 11; e-FIGS CU-09 and 21;
        • Rudston complex; Humberside; TA 0969; length: Rudston D 3900m, others as outlined below; width: Rudston D 50-90m; axis 005-185oG; NMR TA06NE 48; e-FIGS CU-12 to 14; TABLE CU-11;
        • Scorton; North Yorks; NZ 2300; length 1676m; width 32m; axis 132-312oG; NMR NZ20SW 11; e-FIG CU-15; phot CU-04;
        • Stonehenge Greater Cursus; SU 1243; length 2750m; width 100-150m; axis 083-263oG; NMR SU14SW 42; e-FIG CU-17; phot CU-05;
        • Stonehenge Lesser Cursus; SU 1043; length 400m; width 60m; axis 075-255oG; NMR SU14SW 41; e-FIG RB-101; phot CU-06;
      • Appendix: listing of known and probable cursus monuments included in the analysis
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
    • Section 03d: Orientation of prehistoric stone rows in Britain and Ireland
      • The distribution of stone rows in Britain and Ireland
        • General form, development, and date
        • Distribution
        • Matching distributions of rows and barrows against topography, and other environmental factors
      • The function of stone rows
      • A preview of problems: Down Tor stone row; Dartmoor; SX 5869;
        • Supplementary information
      • The orientation of stone rows
        • Interpretation of stone rows by Burl (1993)
        • Analysis of alignment amongst stone rows by Ruggles (1999)
      • Alignment of short stone rows in Scotland and Ireland: re-analysis by the author [AJM] of data presented by Ruggles (1999), as outlined above
        • -Ireland (e-FIG SR-27)
        • -Scotland (e-FIG SR-28)
      • Interpretation of alignment: a recent example
      • Orientation of rows on Dartmoor
        • Summary
      • Study area: stone rows on Dartmoor (e-FIGS SR-01 to 14)
        • Distribution of stone rows across the landscape (e-FIG SR-01)
        • Distribution of rows by altitude (e-FIG SR-03; TABLE SR-05)
        • Location of rows on slopes (e-FIG SR-04)
        • Association of rows with other monuments (TABLE SR-06)
        • Cues for alignment: some existing views
        • Orientation of rows (e-FIGS SR-05)
        • Structural augmentation at stone row sites
        • Supplementary information: groups of rows on Dartmoor
      • Case study: multiple rows in N’n Scotland (e-FIG SR-15)
        • General properties of these multiple stone rows
        • Analysis of alignment at these sites
        • Existing astronomical interpretation
        • Parallels beyond the region
        • Proposed function of these multiple stone rows
        • Supplementary information: further details of multiple stone rows in Scotland
      • Beaghmore; Tyrone; Ulster; H 685 842; e-FIG SR-26;
        • Structures
        • Alignment at the site
        • Existing astronomical interpretation
      • Minilithic stone rows: the hidden sample
      • A basic monumental format: ‘axis-with-terminals’
      • Karahunj: a row-complex on the Armenian plateau
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
    • Section 03e:
    • Structural orientation amongst stone circles in Britain
      • Orientation of structural elements at stone circles
        • Basic properties of stone circles
        • General introduction
        • Issues of alignment
      • Orientable structures at stone circles
      • The topographical setting of circles
      • The stones in the circle itself
      • Recumbent and axial stone circles
        • Interpretation of alignment
        • Re-interpretation in terms of alignment on the solar transit
      • Structures external to the circle
      • The complex of associated monuments
      • Circles with an outlying stone pillar to the SW
      • Supplementary information on individual sites
        • Callanish; Lewis; Outer Hebrides; NB 213 330; NMR NB23SW 1; (e-FIGS SC-01 to 03);
        • Cerrig Duon; Brecknockshire, Wales; SN 8511 2060; Coflein 412996; e-FIG SC-04;
        • Long Meg and Her Daughters; Cumbria; NY 5711 3721; NMR NY53NE 5, 12199; e-FIGS SC-05 and 06;
        • Rothiemay recumbent stone circle; Banffshire; NJ 5508 4872; NMR NJ54NE 6; e-FIG SC-07;
        • Sunhoney recumbent stone circle; Aberdeen; NJ 71592 05701; NMR NJ70NW 55; e-FIG SC-08;
      • Stone circles: orientable structures
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
    • Section 03f:
    • The orientation of henges and related monuments in Britain
      • Introduction
        • Function
        • General properties
        • Grouping
      • Case Study: large henge enclosures
        • Alignment at large henge enclosures (LHEs)
        • Large mounds of round barrow type associated with these henges
        • Alignment of henges and large barrows
          • Avebury; Wiltshire; sub-circular; inner ditch, outer bank; diameter 450m maximum; interior area 11.5 ha; entrances: 4, two opposed pairs, 068-257oG, and 164-332oG; SU 1026 6996; NMR 220746; e-FIG HE-01; phot HE-01 to 04;
          • Marden; (English Heritage: Hatfield earthworks); Wiltshire; sub-ovate; inner ditch, outer bank, 500m across N-S, 350m across E-W; area 15.5ha; entrances: 1, at 353oG from the centre; perimeter open at S to W, but there is some aerial evidence for a bank i
          • Durrington Walls: this site is included below, in the case study for the Stonehenge area.
          • Mount Pleasant; Dorset;
          • -Duggleby Howe; round barrow without a ditch, lying central to the enclosure, diameter 38m, height 6.5m; SE 8804 6688; NMR SE86NE 2;
          • Atypical sites
      • Case study: linear groups of henges
        • Details of individual sites
          • Priddy; Somerset;
          • Thornborough; North Yorkshire
          • Knowlton; Dorset
        • Introduction
      • Case study: hengiform monuments in the Milfield basin (e-FIGS HE-10 to 20)
        • Introduction
          • Henges and the avenue (e-FIGS HE-10 to 20)
          • Key sites in the area: further details
          • Rock art
          • The settlement pattern in the study area
      • Dispersed linear groups of henges
      • Case study: hengiform monuments in the Swale-Ure valley (e-FIGS HE-21 to 28)
        • Introduction
          • Interpretation of axial data
          • Key sites in the area: further details
      • Study area: Salisbury Plain (e-FIGS HE-29 to 35)
      • Further details of individual sites
        • Durrington Walls; Wiltshire; sub-oval; inner ditch, outer bank; diameter 516m; area 20.9ha; entrances: 3, minor single at 175oG, and paired at 124-304oG; SU 1501 4375; associated sites: Woodhenge; NMR 219364; e-FIG HE-02.
        • Woodhenge; Wiltshire; sub-oval; inner ditch, outer bank; diameter 90m; area 0.63ha; entrances: 1, at 025oG; SU 1506 4337; associated sites: Durrington Walls henge; NMR 219050; e-FIG HE-02;
        • Amesbury 50; Wiltshire; hengiform; weakly ovate; ditch, and inner post ring around a central platform; entrances: none clear; SU 1148 4269; e-FIG HE-31 and RB-84;
        • Coneybury; Wiltshire; ovate; inner ditch, outer bank; ditch 45 by 55m in plan; area >0.2ha; entrances: 1, at 070oG; SU 1342 4160; NMR 219462; e-FIG HE-29; phot HE-06;
        • Newhenge complex; Wiltshire;
        • Amesbury 9; Wiltshire; hengiform;
        • Stonehenge; Wiltshire; SU 1225 4240; NMR SU14SW 4; e-FIGS HE-29 to 35; phot HE-14 to 20;
      • General interpretations of the Stonehenge area
        • -The approach to Stonehenge
        • -The local monument complex
        • -The site itself
        • Alignments at the site
        • Stonehenge: SW’n cemeteries; general area: SU 120 420; e-FIG HE-31;
        • Palisade trench just to the N of Stonehenge; SU 1177 4213 to SU 1279 4278; SU14SW 154; 219850; e-FIG HE-31;
      • Analysis of orientation for the entire sample of henges (e-FIG HE-39)
        • Introduction
        • Analysis
      • Comments on groups of henges and specific sites
        • -linear groups of henges
        • -large henge enclosures (case study above: large henge enclosures)
        • Possible sub-groups
      • Clarity of views from the interior of henges
      • Outer perimeters of henges: the shaft-ring at Durrington Walls
        • Durrington Walls henge:
        • Structural analysis of the shaft-ring (e-FIGS HE-44)
        • Summary [analysis and conclusions by AJM: from data in Gaffney et al. 2020]
        • Current astro-archaeological ‘analysis’
        • A different interpretation
        • Parallels
        • Shafts: ritual, functional, or both
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
    • Prehistoric rock-art in Britain: orientation of motifs within panels
      • Introduction
      • Distribution of rock-art in Britain and Ireland
      • Regional groups and local clusters
      • Associations of cup marks
      • Relationship between distributions of rock-art and regional groups of barrows
        • Location of motifs at individual monuments
      • Distribution of rock-art with respect to environmental factors (e-FIGS ND-01a and 01d)
      • Motifs at rock-art sites: analysis of orientation
        • Rock-art sites: topographical aspect of panels
        • Rock-art sites: orientation of motifs
        • Conclusions and interpretation
      • General conclusions
      • Study area: the Cheviot group (e-FIG RA-11)
      • Study area: the Galloway group (e-FIG RA-09)
      • Study area: the Tayside group (e-FIG RA-10, and 10a)
      • Study area: the Argyll group (e-FIG RA-02)
      • Supplementary information: rock-art on barrows
      • Supplementary information: rock-art on standing stones
      • Supplementary information: rock-art on stone circles and associated cairns
      • Supplementary information: selected rock-art sites in Scotland and N’n England
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
    • Section 03g:
    • Section 03h: Linear round barrow cemeteries in S’n Britain: trends in orientation
      • Introduction
        • Cues for linearity
        • Round barrows: types of linearity
        • Analysis of linearity
        • Long and round barrows: axes in common
        • Linear placements of round barrows: status as composite monuments
        • Ranking linearity
        • The final form of a linear barrow cemetery: general properties
        • Group assessment of axes: the data
        • Models of growth at linear cemeteries
      • Study areas:
        • Data on monuments
        • General content
        • Linearity in the study areas: general conclusions
        • Summary of nucleation and linearity of barrow cemeteries
        • Study area: detail: Upper Thames valley (e-FIG RB-02)
        • Study area: detail: Avebury (e-FIG RB-03)
        • Study area: detail: Salisbury Plain (e-FIG RB-04)
        • The area around Stonehenge
          • The general pattern of barrows around Stonehenge (e-FIGS RB-04, and 278 to 281; HE-29 to 30)
          • Alternative suggestions: a more cellular pattern
        • Study area: detail: Dorset Cursus (e-FIG RB-05)
        • Supplementary data: Dorset Cursus area:
        • Study area: detail: South Dorset ridgeway (e-FIG RB-06; phot RB-01 to 03)
        • Study area: detail: Mendip (e-FIG RB-07)
        • Study area: detail: South Downs (e-FIG RB-08)
      • Topics
        • The dynamics of linear growth at round barrow cemeteries (e-FIG RB-277)
        • Linearity as an expression of social status
        • Closely linear cemeteries as composite monuments
        • Sub-unit structure within LBCs
        • Significance of directions within the axis
        • Larger round barrows
        • Location of round barrow cemeteries on, and around the axes of linear monuments
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
    • Orientation of pit alignments in Britain
      • Distribution
      • Introduction
      • Supplementary information: pit alignments of Neolithic to earlier Bronze Age date
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
    • Section 03i:
    • Hyper-monuments
      • Introduction
      • Conclusions
      • The barrow complex along the South Dorset ridge: status as a possible hyper-monument
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
    • Section 03j:
    • Section 03k:
    • Standing stones and menhirs: monuments providing a vertical axis
      • Definition of the terms relating to monoliths
      • Introduction
      • Date and function
      • Occurrence of monoliths within monuments, and as single structures
      • Menhirs in Brittany
      • Patterns of settlement and activity
      • Menhirs and agrarian symbolism
      • Menhirs and repetitive structuring
      • Menhirs in Brittany: ethnographic parallels: relevant insight
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
    • Section 03l: Cemeteries of the middle Iron Age in E’n Yorkshire: graves, inhumations, and squared barrows: integrated analysis of their alignment
      • Summary:
      • The problem:
      • Introduction
      • Iron age cemeteries of ‘Arras type’
        • -general form and content
        • -inhumations
        • -layout of cemeteries
        • -orientation
        • -chariot burials
        • -grave-goods
      • Overview
      • Cemeteries included in this analysis
        • Criteria for selection of data used in the analysis
      • Case study: Rudston area: the squared barrow cemeteries
        • General
        • Orientation
      • Squared barrow cemeteries: existence of functionally different areas
      • Squared barrow cemeteries: structured growth
      • ‘Standard’ burial-practice: the majority of cases
      • ‘Warrior’-burials: a numerically minor but conspicuous complement, and culturally significant
      • Inhumation burial during the Iron Age in S’n Britain: comparative data
      • Chariot-cart burials in Britain
        • -introduction
        • -reasons for inclusion
        • -dimensions of the vehicle
        • -general types
        • -orientation of the vehicle
        • -relative size of their barrows
      • Chariot burials in central-NW’n France
      • Alignment: general discussion
        • General considerations
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
      • Appendices: filed separately in folder APPENDICES_filed
    • Monuments formed by radiating concentric rings of posts or pits
      • The more common and well-established group:
      • A poorly known, provisional grouping, currently entirely residual:
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
    • Section 03m:
  • Studies in specific areas
  • Section 04: Detailed studies: selected areas
    • The range of more detailed studies
    • Section 04a:
    • Study area: the Stenness isthmus
      • Reasons for inclusion
      • Sites
      • Topography
      • Conclusions
      • Supplementary information on individual sites
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
    • Section 04b: Study area: the Sligo area
      • Reasons for inclusion
      • The Sligo peninsula and its hinterland
      • -the Sligo area: a more detailed examination of linked pairs of passage tombs
      • Supplementary information on individual sites
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
    • Section 04c:
    • Study area: long barrows in the mid Wye-Usk valleys (Herefs./ Breconshire; SO 23 [centre])
      • Distribution of long barrows in the study area
      • Reasons for inclusion
      • Axial orientation and topography
      • Supplementary information on individual sites
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
    • Section 04d:
    • Study area: Brittany
      • Reason for inclusion
      • General distribution of sites
        • Stone rows
        • Megalithic enclosures
      • The area (e-FIG SA_br-01)
      • Axial orientation of stone rows and megalithic enclosures: published work
      • Reassessment of axial alignment
      • Carved motifs
      • Supplementary information on individual sites
      • Summary information on stone rows, and megalithic enclosures
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
    • Section 04e:
    • Study area: Stanton Drew megalithic complex
      • Reasons for inclusion
      • Summary
      • The general site, and its sequence of development
      • Topography
      • The main circle
      • Axial alignment at the site
        • Structural basis
        • Astronomical targets for alignment
      • Other structures
      • The NE’n circle
      • The SW’n circle
      • The function of the complex
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
  • Environmental issues
    • Climatic and environmental change in Britain and Ireland during the Neolithic and Bronze Age: evidence for environmental stress, and its possible role in proliferation of certain types of axially-aligned monument
      • Introduction
        • Replication of ritual monuments as a measure of environmental stress
          • Environmental factors in the study area
        • Sources of evidence for climatic change
          • Water-borne sedimentary deposits
          • Aerial fall-out
          • Palaeo-botanical sources
        • Overview of changing climate in W’n Europe: 4000-650 BC
          • General trends
          • The Meghalayan stage of the Holocene epoch
        • Major factors determining climate over the N’n Atlantic seaboard
        • Analysis of marine sediments in the N’n Atlantic: the Bond Events
          • Phases of climatic deterioration
          • More detailed analysis of changing temperatures
          • Conclusion
        • Evidence for alluvial activity in river valleys
        • Stratigraphic analysis of peat and mire deposits in Britain and Ireland
        • Data from analysis of tree-rings
          • -W’n USA
          • -Ireland
          • -Sweden
        • The environmental effects of volcanic activity
          • Introduction
          • The atmospheric effects of explosive volcanism
          • Major volcanic eruptions: a global perspective
            • Prehistoric eruptions
            • Historic eruptions
            • More modern eruptions
        • Volcanic eruptions in Iceland
          • Location of volcanism
          • Scale of eruption
          • Frequency of volcanism
          • Historic eruptions: comparative data
          • Periodicity of eruption
          • Further details of specific volcanoes
          • An overview of Icelandic volcanism during the later prehistoric period
        • Climate and volcanism: vulnerability of the N’n Atlantic area
        • Environmental data from ice-cores
          • Relevant studies involving ice-cores
          • Data from ice-cores for the past two millennia
          • Conditions of temperature in the Arctic since 7000 BC: relevant data from Greenland
        • Relevant parallels from the historical record
          • Evidence for adaptation to changing conditions in Britain and Ireland during the Neolithic and Bronze Age
          • Adaptation of agrarian communities: a general hypothesis
        • The impact of volcanism on agrarian communities of prehistoric type
        • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
    • Section 05
  • Symbolism
  • Section 06: A brief review of solar symbolism during the Neolithic and Bronze Age
    • Evidence for solar symbolism in ritual of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in NW’n Europe
      • Rock-art: possible solar motifs from Britain and Ireland
        • Interpretation of circular, and cup-related motifs
        • Alternative interpretation of circular motifs in rock-art: terrain-mapping and solar symbolism
      • Solar symbolism: generic forms
      • Objects
        • Sun-discs
        • Wheel-pendants
      • Symbolism amongst monuments
      • Association of solar discs with vehicles
        • -carts, or chariots
        • -boats
      • Solar deities
      • Symbolism in relation to monumental alignment
        • Interpretation of motifs
        • Internal and external panels
        • Rock-art from N’n Britain: basic characteristics
        • Rock-art on passage tombs, and on external rock-surfaces
        • The function of panels
      • Conclusions
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
  • Ethnographic parallels
  • Section 07: An ethnographic context for stone rows
    • Application of ethnographic data
      • Specific case studies
        • NW’n Europe: later Neolithic to Bronze Age
        • Sub-Saharan Africa
        • Australia
        • Medicine-wheels from the American North-West
        • India
      • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
  • Other sections
  • Section 08: Conclusions
    • e-FIGURES: combined listings and supporting information
  • Section 09: Bibliography
  • Section 10: Captions for photographs
  • Section 11:The chariot of the sun
  • Online section: https://doi.org/10.32028/9781789697056-online
  • Back Cover

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