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Title The genetics of cattle. — 2nd edition.
Other creators Garrick Dorian J. ; Ruvinsky Anatoly
Organization C.A.B. International,
Collection Электронные книги зарубежных издательств ; Общая коллекция
Subjects Cattle — Genetics. ; Cattle — Breeding. ; EBSCO eBooks
Document type Other
File type PDF
Language English
Rights Доступ по паролю из сети Интернет (чтение, печать, копирование)
Record key ocn903970656
Record create date 3/21/2014

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  • The Genetics of Cattle, 2nd Edition
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • Preface
  • 1. Systematics and Phylogeny of Cattle
    • Introduction
    • Systematic Position of the Genus Bos
    • Description of Bos Species
      • Bos primigenius Bojanus, 1827
      • Bos bison Linnaeus, 1758
      • Bos gaurus C.H. Smith, 1827
      • Bos javanicus d’Alton, 1823
      • Bos mutus (Przewalski, 1883)
      • Bos sauveli Urbain, 1937
    • Phylogenetic Relationships Among Species of Bovina
      • Classifications of the tribe Bovina based on morphology
      • Molecular phylogenies
    • Fossil Record and Biogeography
      • Rapid radiation and dispersal of Bovina during the Middle Pliocene
      • Evolution of the yak–bison lineage in the northern hemisphere
    • Acknowledgements
    • References
  • 2. Genetic Aspects of Domestication
    • Introduction
    • The First Domestic Cattle
    • Taurine Cattle Spread over the Old World
      • Early farms and dairying
      • Maternal lineages
      • Paternal lineages
      • Adaptation
    • Zebus around the Equator
    • Large Taurines during Classical Antiquity
    • Small Cattle in Medieval Europe
    • Modernization of Cattle Husbandry
    • Industrial Cattle, Crossbreds and Local Breeds
    • Acknowledgements
    • References
  • 3. Breeds of Cattle
    • Introduction
      • Bos taurus and Bos indicus
    • Categorization According to Utility and Mode of Origin
    • Classification and Phylogeny of Breeds
    • Description of Cattle Breeds
    • Perspectives
    • Acknowledgement
    • References
  • 4. Molecular Genetics of Coat Colour Variation
    • Introduction
    • The Basis of Pigmentation
      • The wild type
    • Genes Causing Spatial and Temporal Pigment-type Switching
      • Introduction
        • The Extension locus (MC1R)
        • The Agouti locus (ASIP)
        • Extension –Agouti interactions
        • The K locus (DEFB300)
    • Genes Diluting Pigmentation
      • Introduction
        • The Albino locus (TYR)
        • The Brown locus (TYRP1)
        • The Dilution locus (PMEL17)
    • Genes Affecting Migration and Survival of Pigment Cells
      • Introduction
        • The Belted locus (BTA3, possibly HES6)
        • The Colour-sided locus (KIT; BTA6→BTA29→BTA6 translocations)
        • The Piebald locus (MITF)
        • The Roan locus (KITLG)
        • The White-spotting locus (KIT )
    • Other Genes Influencing Coat Colour
    • Pleiotropic Effects Caused by Coat Colour Mutations
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgements
    • References
  • 5. Genetics of Morphological Traits and Inherited Disorders
    • Introduction
    • Previous Reviews
    • Current Sources of Information
    • An Overview
    • Conclusions
    • Notes
    • References
  • 6. Cytogenetics and Chromosome Maps
    • Introduction
    • The Cattle Chromosome Nomenclature
    • Chromosome Abnormalities
      • Numerical chromosome aberrations
        • Freemartin syndrome
      • Structural chromosome aberrations
    • Chromosome Maps
      • Overview of chromosome mapping
      • Somatic cell hybrid maps
      • Linkage maps
      • Radiation hybrid maps
      • Fingerprint maps
      • Genome assembly
    • Comparative Studies
    • Future of Cattle Genome Mapping
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgements
    • References
  • 7. Bovine Genomics
    • Introduction
    • Bovine Genome Sequence
      • Sequencing strategy
      • Baylor assembly
      • University of Maryland (UMD) assembly
    • Differences in the Current Baylor and UMD Assemblies
    • Genome Annotation
      • Sequence polymorphism
      • Gene models
      • Repetitive elements
      • Long non-coding RNAs
    • Gene Expression Sub-networks
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgement
    • References
  • 8. Bovine Immunogenetics
    • Introduction
    • The Major Histocompatibility Complex
      • Molecular structure and function of MHC molecules
        • Class I MHC molecules
        • Class II MHC molecules
        • Class III molecules
      • Genomic organization of the bovine MHC
      • Bovine class I gene products and polymorphisms
        • Classical bovine class I molecules
        • Non-classical bovine class I molecules
        • Bovine MHC class I-like molecules
      • Bovine class II gene products and polymorphisms
        • The bovine class IIa region
        • Bovine class IIb region
    • T Cell Antigen Receptors
      • T cells are defined as αβ vs γδ based ontheir TCR gene usage
      • Nomenclature for the TCR
      • TCR gamma chain immunogenetics
      • TCR delta chain immunogenetics
      • TCR alpha chain immunogenetics
      • TCR beta chain immunogenetics
    • Multigene Families of Germline Encoded Receptors
      • Pattern recognition receptors
        • Toll-like receptors
        • NOD-like receptors
        • WC1 co-receptors
      • Killer receptors
        • KIR
        • Ly49
        • NKG2
    • Immunoglobulins
      • Immunoglobulin heavy chain immunogenetics
        • Variable-region heavy chain genes
      • Immunoglobulin light chain immunogenetics
      • Development of B cells and antibody repertoires
      • Mechanisms of antibodydiversification
    • Acknowledgements
    • References
  • 9. Genetics of Disease Resistance
    • Introduction
    • Genetics of Disease Resistance in Cattle: Relevant Notes
    • Genetic Aspects of Resistance Traits for the Most Significant Cattle Diseases
      • Brucellosis
      • Dermatophilosis
      • Helminthiasis
      • Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)
      • Leukosis (BL)
      • Mastitis
      • Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease)
      • Tick resistance
      • Trypanosomiasis
      • Tuberculosis
    • Concluding Remarks
    • References
  • 10. Molecular Biology and Genetics of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
    • Introduction
    • Clinical Signs and Pathology
    • The Importance of PrP Protein
    • Pathogenesis of BSE in Cattle
      • Natural BSE in cattle
      • Atypical BSE in cattle
      • Experimental BSE in cattle
      • Experimental atypical BSE in cattle
    • Preclinical Diagnosis of BSE in Cattle
    • BSE Transmission Characteristics
    • Genetics of TSEs in Sheep and Humans
    • The Bovine PRNP Gene
    • Cattle PRNP Gene Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to BSE
      • PRNP gene
      • Family studies
      • Influence of other genes
      • IS BSE not subject to host genetic control by the PRNP gene?
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 11. Genetics of Behaviour in Cattle
    • Introduction
    • Temperament
      • Beef cattle
      • Breeding for docility in Limousins
      • Dairy cattle
      • Physiological correlates
      • Associations with production traits
      • QTL studies
      • Candidate gene analyses
    • Social Interactions
      • Group structure and dominance
      • Aggression
    • Feeding Behaviour
    • Mating Behaviour
    • Milking Tendency
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgements
    • References
  • 12. Genetics of Reproduction in Cattle
    • Introduction
    • Genetics of Ovulation Rate and Related Traits
    • Genetics of Puberty and Related Traits
    • Genetics of Conception or Pregnancy Rate
    • Genetics of Gestation Length
    • Genetics of Dystocia and Related Traits
    • Genetics of Male Reproductive Traits
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 13. Modern Reproductive Technologies and Breed improvement
    • Introduction
    • The Paternal Contribution
      • Breeding soundness evaluation (BSE) and estimation of sire fertility
      • Sperm attributes
        • Sperm count
        • Sperm morphometry
        • Sperm motility
        • Adding ‘new’ parameters to sperm quality evaluation
      • Sperm sorting
        • Sex sorting
        • Marker-based sorting of fertile sperm
      • Improving male fertility through integration of the ‘omics’
      • Artificial insemination (AI)
      • Sperm cryopreservation
      • Conclusions
    • The Maternal Contribution
      • Synchronization
        • Oestrus/ovulation synchronization
        • Fixed-timed artificial insemination (FTAI)
        • Fixed-time embryo transfer (FTET)
      • Occurrence of embryonic death and strategies to improve embryo survival
        • Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)
        • In vitro production of embryos
      • Embryo sexing
      • Oocyte/embryo cryopreservation
    • Applications
      • Cloning
      • Transgenesis
      • Integrating genomic selection and reproductive technologies
      • Studying the (epi)-genome
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 14. Developmental Genetics
    • Introduction
    • Developmental Stages of the Cattle Embryo
      • Gametogenesis
      • Fertilization and embryonic development within the zona pellucida
      • Post-hatching development
    • Genetic Control of Pre-implantation Development
      • Expression of maternal genes
      • Activation of the embryonic genome
      • Reprogramming, methylation patterns and genomic imprinting
      • Gene expression during blastocyst formation, expansion and elongation
      • Genetic control of gastrulation
      • Establishment of axial identity
      • The three germ layers and theirderivates
    • Genetic Regulation of Implantation and Placentation
      • Endometrial and trophoblast gene expression
      • Maternal recognition of pregnancy
      • Implantation and placental development
      • Molecular signals affecting implantation and placentation
      • Angiogenesis
    • Genes Involved in Post-implantation Development
      • Development of segment identity and HOX genes
      • Pattern formation
      • Muscle development and gene regulation
      • Organogenesis: T-box and PAX genes
    • Sex Differentiation
      • The major steps in gonad differentiation
      • The genes involved in sex differentiation
      • Cycle of the X chromosome
      • Anomalies of sex development
    • Freemartinism in Cattle
      • Phenomenology
      • Specific features of the bovine placenta and chimerism
      • Diagnosis of freemartins and practical aspect
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 15. Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle
    • Introduction
    • Breeding Objectives
      • Derivation of a breeding objective
      • Recent evolutions in breeding objectives
      • Traits to consider
    • Genetic Variation
      • Breed differences
      • Within-breed variation
        • Yield traits
        • Conformation traits
        • Workability traits
        • Calving traits
        • Fertility traits
        • Health traits
        • Longevity
        • Correlation between trait groups
      • Inbreeding, genetic variability and heterosis
      • QTLs and individual genes affecting traits of economic importance
    • Genetic Evaluation
      • Evaluation models
      • Genotype by environment interaction
      • National vs international evaluations
      • Total merit indexes
      • Genetic trends
      • Across-breed analysis
    • Genomic Selection
      • Principles and methods
      • SNP chips
      • Implementation
      • Consequences on the international scene
      • Perspectives and challenges
    • Design of Breeding Programmes
      • AI and MOET
      • Breeding programmes with genomic selection
      • Minimizing inbreeding
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 16. Molecular Genetics of Milk Protein Production
    • Introduction
      • Bovine Milk Composition
      • The caseins and their genes
        • The casein loci
      • The major whey proteins and their genes
        • α-Lactalbumin
        • β-Lactoglobulin
        • Lactoferrin
    • Multi-level Regulation of Milk Protein Genes Expression in the Mammary Gland: Endocrine, Autocrine and Paracrine Regulation
      • Endocrine regulation
      • Local control of milk composition and milk production
      • Regulation by the extracellular matrix
    • Transcriptional Regulation of Milk Protein Production
      • Prolactin-mediated activation of transcription
      • The glucocorticoid receptor
      • The progesterone receptor – a negative regulator of milk protein gene expression
      • Nuclear factor 1 (NF1)
      • The extracellular matrix and transcriptional regulation
    • MicroRNA Regulation
    • The Lactome
    • Transgenic Studies Utilizing Bovine Milk Protein Gene Promoters
      • Expression studies
      • The alteration of milk composition via transgenesis
        • α-Lactalbumin
        • Lactoferrin and lysozyme
        • Casein
        • β-Lactoglobulin
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 17. Genetics of Fatty Acid Composition in Bovine Milk and Beef
    • Introduction
    • Fatty Acid Composition of Bovine Milk and Beef
    • Environmental Factors Influencing Fatty Acid Composition
    • Fatty Acid Heritabilities and Genetic Correlations
    • Breed Effects on Fatty Acid Composition in Bovine Milk and Beef
    • Genetic Polymorphisms and Fatty Acid Composition
      • Stearoyl-CoA desaturase
      • Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1
      • Fatty acid synthase
      • Sterol regulatory element binding factor 1
      • Fatty acid transport genes
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 18. Genetic Improvement of Beef Cattle
    • Introduction
    • Breeding Objectives
      • The economically rational approach
      • The desired gains approach
    • Breeding objectives for beef production systems
      • Beef breeding objectives in dairy and dual-purpose breeds
      • Terminal sires for use in dairy herds and specialized beef herds
      • Breeding replacement females for specialized beef herds
    • Breed Resources and Crossbreeding
      • Evaluating breed resources
      • An overview of crossbreeding theory
        • The value of crossbreeding
        • The genetic basis of heterosis
        • Choice of crossing system
      • Breeds and crosses used in beef production
      • The use of genomics to target increases in heterosis
    • Selection within Breeds
    • Evaluating individuals
      • Use of genomic information
      • EBVs across breeds
    • Systems of testing
      • Performance testing
      • Progeny testing
      • Cooperative breeding schemes
    • Traits recorded
    • Evaluations across herds, breeds and countries
    • Indices of overall economic merit
    • Evidence of genetic improvement and its value
      • Estimates of genetic change achievable
      • The economic value of genetic improvement
    • Reproductive Methods
      • MOET and IVF schemes
      • Sexing and cloning
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 19. Genomic Prediction and Genome-wide Association Studies in Beef and Dairy Cattle
    • Introduction
    • Conventional Pedigree-based Prediction
      • Generalized least squares and best linear unbiased prediction
      • Identity by descent and the numerator relationship matrix
      • Prediction of breeding values and associated reliabilities
      • Limitations of conventional prediction
    • Prediction using Genomic Information
      • Ideal model
      • Practical models based on mixed model equations (SNP effects or genomic relationships)
      • Bayesian regression methods
    • Validation of Predictive Ability
      • Within-breed predictions
      • Across-breed predictions
      • Prediction using admixed breeds
    • Understanding Predictive Ability
      • Sources of information
      • Haplotypes and their distribution
      • Marker-based models
      • Models including the QTL as one of the markers
      • Equivalent models with fewer markers
      • Multi marker-QTL LD versus single marker-QTL LD
      • Models with inadequate markers
      • Models with haplotype covariates
    • Blending Genomic and Pedigree Information
      • Correlated traits
      • Selection index
      • External EPDs
      • Single-step GBLUP
      • Single-step Bayesian regression
    • Genome-wide Association Studies
      • Major gene effects
    • Incorporation of Sequence Information
    • Immediate and Future Challenges
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 20. Genetics of Feed Intake and Efficiency
    • Introduction
    • Trait Definitions
      • Feed intake measurement
      • Feed efficiency traits
        • Growing animals
        • Lactating animals
      • Advantages and disadvantages of the different measures of feed efficiency
    • Genetics of Feed Intake and Efficiency
      • Heritability estimates and genetic correlations between measures
      • Genetic correlations between feed intake and efficiency with other performance measures
        • Male and female reproduction
        • Carcass traits
        • Animal size
        • Environmental load
        • Milk yield
        • Animal health
    • Breeding Programmes for Feed Intake and Efficiency
      • Past breeding programmes
      • Breeding programmes including feed intake and efficiency
      • Genotype by environment interactions for feed intake and efficiency
    • Genomics of Feed Intake and Efficiency
    • Future Research Priorities
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 21. Genetics of Growth and Body Composition
    • Introduction
    • Growth Traits and Growth Curves
    • Body Composition
      • Muscle, fat and bone
      • Muscling
      • Intramuscular lipid
    • Genetic Markers
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgements
    • References
  • 22. Genetics of Meat Quality
    • Introduction
    • Meat Quality Traits
      • Carcass composition
      • Fat composition and qualities
      • Meat physico-chemical qualities
      • Meat sensory qualities
    • Heritability of Meat Quality Traits
      • Carcass composition
      • Fat composition and qualities
      • Meat physico-chemical qualities
      • Meat sensory qualities
    • Genetic Correlations with Meat Traits
      • Carcass composition
      • Meat sensory and physico-chemical qualities
      • Fat composition and qualities
    • Major Genes and Gene Markers Associated with Meat Quality Traits
      • Double-muscling
      • Calpain system
      • Thyroglobulin
      • Other candidate genes
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 23. Genetic Aspects of Cattle Adaptation in the Tropics
    • Introduction
    • Measuring Adaptation of Cattle to Tropical Environments
    • Breed Differences in Adaptive Traits
      • Breed groupings and comparative performance of the breeds
      • Impact of heterosis on adaptive traits
      • Exploiting breed differences and heterosis for adaptive traits to improve performance of cattle in the tropics
    • Within-breed Selection to Improve Adaptive Traits
      • Role of Molecular Information in Improving Adaptive Traits
      • Resistance to trypanosomiasis
      • Resistance to Bovine Respiratory Disease
      • Resistance to heat stress
      • Resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes (worms)
      • Heritabilities of adaptive traits
      • Genetic correlations between adaptive and productive traits
      • Resistance to ticks
    • Adaptive Traits in Breeding Programmes
    • Implications
    • References
  • 24. Standard Genetic Nomenclature
    • Introduction
    • Locus and Gene Names and Symbols
      • Locus name and symbol
      • Allele name and symbol
      • Genotype terminology
      • Gene annotations and the gene ontology (GO)
    • Trait and Phenotype Terminology
      • Traits
      • Super-traits
      • Trait hierarchy and ontology
      • Trait and phenotype nomenclature
    • Future Prospects
    • Acknowledgements
    • References
  • Index
  • Colour Plates
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