This book contains 25 chapters focusing on the major insect pests of rape and other Brassica oilseed crops and the benefits of the judicious integration of various methods in the control of these damaging pests.

• Integrated Management of Insect Pests on Canola and Other Brassica Oilseed Crops
• Copyright
• Contents
• About the Editor
• Contributors
• Acknowledgements
• 1: Flea Beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) and Their Management
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Biology
  • 1.3 Hosts
  • 1.4 Crop Damage
  • 1.5 Integrated Pest Management
  • 1.6 Monitoring
  • 1.7 Chemical Control
  • 1.8 Cultural Control
    • 1.8.1 Seeding dates
    • 1.8.2 Seed size, seeding rates and row spacing
    • 1.8.3 Tillage systems
  • 1.9 Plant Resistance
  • 1.10 Biological Control
  • References
• 2: Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella) Management
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 DBM Control Strategies
    • 2.2.1 Cultural control
      • Host plant resistance
      • Genetically manipulated Brassica crops
      • Intercropping
      • Crop rotation
      • Sprinkler irrigation
      • Push–pull strategy
    • 2.2.2 Biological control
      • Parasitoids of DBM
      • Predators of DBM
      • Pathogens of DBM
    • 2.2.3 Chemical control
      • Biopesticides
      • Synthetic pesticides
    • 2.2.4 DBM resistance to pesticides
      • Metabolic resistance
      • Altered target-site resistance
      • Behavioural resistance
      • Penetration resistance
    • 2.2.5 DBM resistance management strategies
      • Minimizing insecticide use
      • Mixtures of insecticides with different modes of action
      • Using insecticides with short persistence
      • Rotation of insecticides
    • 2.2.6 Behavioural control
  • 2.3 DBM Management Plan
  • References
• 3: The Challenge of Swede Midge Management in Canola
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 History of Infestation in North America
    • 3.2.1 Swede midge in eastern canola production regions
      • Ontario
      • Quebec
    • 3.2.2 Swede midge in western canola production regions
  • 3.3 Implications of Ecology and Behaviour for Management
    • 3.3.1 Life cycle and damage
    • 3.3.2 Voltinism and reproductive potential
    • 3.3.3 Variable life history traits
    • 3.3.4 Crucifer specialists
    • 3.3.5 Lack of natural enemies
  • 3.4 Impact of Swede Midge on Canola
    • 3.4.1 Patterns of damage and infestation
    • 3.4.2 Damage symptoms and plant stage interactions
    • 3.4.3 Yield impacts
  • 3.5 Current IPM Recommendations
    • 3.5.1 Statement of recommendations
    • 3.5.2 Crop rotation and host plant deprivation
    • 3.5.3 Planting dates
    • 3.5.4 Weed management
    • 3.5.5 Insecticides and action thresholds
  • 3.6 Future Needs and Opportunities
    • 3.6.1 Pheromone-based action thresholds
    • 3.6.2 Systemic insecticides
    • 3.6.3 Biological control agents
    • 3.6.4 Planting density
    • 3.6.5 Host plant resistance
  • 3.7 Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 4: Biology and Management of Sucking Pests of Canola
  • 4.1 Sucking Pests of Canola
  • 4.2 Pest Damage
    • 4.2.1 Aphids
    • 4.2.2 Mirid and lygaeid bugs
    • 4.2.3 Thrips
    • 4.2.4 Leafhoppers
  • 4.3 Pest Biology, Monitoring and Economic Thresholds
    • 4.3.1 Aphids
    • 4.3.2 Mirid and lygaeid bugs
    • 4.3.3 Thrips
    • 4.3.4 Leafhoppers
  • 4.4 Pest Management
    • 4.4.1 Aphids
      • Biological control
      • Chemical control
      • Cultural control
    • 4.4.2 Mirid and lygaeid bugs
      • Biological control
      • Chemical control
      • Cultural control
    • 4.4.3 Thrips
      • Biological control
      • Chemical control
      • Cultural control
    • 4.4.4 Leafhoppers
      • Biological control
      • Chemical control
      • Cultural control
  • 4.5 Conclusions
  • References
• 5: Cabbage Seedpod Weevil Management
  • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.1.1 Distribution
    • 5.1.2 Biology
  • 5.2 Crop Damage, Thresholds and Sampling
    • 5.2.1 Crop damage
    • 5.2.2 Threshold
    • 5.2.3 Monitoring
  • 5.3 Management
    • 5.3.1 Biological control
    • 5.3.2 Host plant resistance
    • 5.3.3 Trap crops
    • 5.3.4 Insecticide control
  • 5.4 Future Research Needs
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 6: Biology, Ecology and Management of Pollen Beetle Brassicogethes viridescens (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Description
  • 6.3 Life Cycle
  • 6.4 Ecology
    • 6.4.1 Host plant and damage
    • 6.4.2 Distribution
  • 6.5 Management
    • 6.5.1 Monitoring
    • 6.5.2 Trap crop
    • 6.5.3 Chemical control
    • 6.5.4 Biological control
    • 6.5.5 Land management
  • 6.6 Outlook for North America
  • References
• 7: Noctuid (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Pests of Canola in North America
  • 7.1 The Cropping System
  • 7.2 Noctuid Pests and Their General Biology
  • 7.3 Outbreaks and the Extent of Damage
  • 7.4 Natural Enemies
  • 7.5 Control Strategies
    • 7.5.1 Forecasting
    • 7.5.2 Scouting
    • 7.5.3 Cultural control
    • 7.5.4 Biological control
    • 7.5.5 Insecticides
  • 7.6 Challenges
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 8: Biology and Management of the Generalist Herbivore, the Bertha Armyworm, Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on Canola in Western Canada
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Biology
    • 8.2.1 Phylogeny
    • 8.2.2 Distribution
    • 8.2.3 Host range
    • 8.2.4 Life cycle
      • Eggs
      • Pupae
      • Adults
  • 8.3 Management: Monitoring
    • 8.3.1 Adults
    • 8.3.2 Larvae
  • 8.4 Control
    • 8.4.1 Insecticides
      • Chemical insecticides
      • Botanical insecticides
      • Microbial insecticides
    • 8.4.2 Biological control
      • Parasitoids
      • Predators
      • Pathogens
    • 8.4.3 Cultural control
  • 8.5 Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 9: Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Management of Insect Pests of Canola and Other Oilseed Crops
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Coleoptera
    • 9.2.1 Flea beetle
    • 9.2.2 Pollen beetle
    • 9.2.3 Mustard beetle
    • 9.2.4 Weevils
  • 9.3 Lepidoptera
    • 9.3.1 Diamondback moth
    • 9.3.2 Cabbage moth
    • 9.3.3 Cabbage butterfly
    • 9.3.4 Armyworms, cutworms and other Lepidoptera
  • 9.4 Diptera
    • 9.4.1 Cabbage maggot
    • 9.4.2 Brassica pod midge
  • 9.5 Hymenoptera
    • 9.5.1 Sawfly
  • 9.6 Future Prospects
    • 9.6.1 Evaluation of new strains
    • 9.6.2 Genetic improvement
    • 9.6.3 Improved application technology
    • 9.6.4 Conservation practices and integrated approaches
  • 9.7 Conclusions
  • References
• 10: The OKANOLA Project: Challenges in Managing Insect Pests of Canola in the Southern Plains
  • 10.1 The OKANOLA Project
  • 10.2 Challenge 1: Aphids
    • 10.2.1 Turnip aphid: Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)
    • 10.2.2 Green peach aphid: Myzus persicae (Sulzer)
    • 10.2.3 Cabbage aphid: Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)
    • 10.2.4 Management of aphids
      • Cultural and biological control
      • Fall aphid management decisions
      • Early spring aphid management decisions
      • Mid–late spring aphid management decisions
  • 10.3 Challenge 2: Caterpillars
    • 10.3.1 Army cutworm: Euxoa auxiliaris (Grote)
    • 10.3.2 Diamondback moth: Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus)
    • 10.3.3 Variegated cutworm: Peridroma saucia (Hübner)
    • 10.3.4 Corn earworm: Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)
  • 10.4 Challenge 3: False Chinch Bug: Nysius raphanus (Howard)
  • 10.5 Challenge 4: Harlequin Bug: Murgantia histrionica (Hahn)
  • 10.6 OKANOLA and Pest Management
  • References
• 11: Integrated Pest Management in Canola and Other Brassica Oilseed Crops: How Far We Have Come and What Is Still Needed
  • 11.1 Defining Integrated Pest Management
    • 11.1.1 What does IPM require?
  • 11.2 Main Insects of Concern on Canola in the Northern USA and Canada
  • 11.3 IPM for Flea Beetles
    • 11.3.1 Monitoring and forecasting
    • 11.3.2 Economic thresholds
    • 11.3.3 Cultural controls
      • Seeding rates
      • Size of seeds
      • Seeding dates
      • Reduced tillage
    • 11.3.4 Resistant varieties
    • 11.3.5 Biological controls
    • 11.3.6 Selective insecticides
    • 11.3.7 Summary of current status of IPM for flea beetles in canola
  • 11.4 IPM for Diamondback Moth
    • 11.4.1 Monitoring and forecasting
      • Monitoring adult moths
      • Monitoring larvae
    • 11.4.2 Economic threshold
    • 11.4.3 Cultural controls
    • 11.4.4 Resistant varieties
    • 11.4.5 Biological controls
    • 11.4.6 Selective insecticides
    • 11.4.7 Summary of current status of IPM for diamondback moth in canola
  • 11.5 IPM for Bertha Armyworm
    • 11.5.1 Monitoring and forecasting
    • 11.5.2 Economic thresholds
    • 11.5.3 Cultural controls
      • Fall tillage
    • 11.5.4 Resistant varieties
    • 11.5.5 Biological controls
      • Parasitoids
      • Pathogens
    • 11.5.6 Selective insecticides
    • 11.5.7 Summary of current status of IPM for bertha armyworm in canola
  • 11.6 IPM for Lygus Bugs
    • 11.6.1 Monitoring and forecasting
    • 11.6.2 Economic threshold
    • 11.6.3 Cultural controls
    • 11.6.4 Resistant varieties
    • 11.6.5 Biological controls
    • 11.6.6 Selective insecticides
    • 11.6.7 Summary of current status of IPM for lygus bugs in canola
  • 11.7 Conclusions
  • References
• 12: Canola Insect Pest Management in the South-eastern USA
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 Major Insect Pests
    • 12.2.1 Aphids
    • 12.2.2 Cabbage seedpod weevil
  • 12.3 Minor Insect Pests
    • 12.3.1 Cabbage root aphid
    • 12.3.2 Foliage feeders
    • 12.3.3 Flea beetles
    • 12.3.4 Pollen beetle
    • 12.3.5 Lygus and plant bugs
    • 12.3.6 False chinch bugs
    • 12.3.7 Thrips
  • 12.4 Canola Pollinators
  • 12.5 Canola Cropping Sequence and Effects on Insect Pests
  • 12.6 Future Canola Production and Pest Management in the South-east
  • References
• 13: Integrated Management of Insect Pests of Rapeseed (Canola) in China
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 Main Pest Species of Canola (Rapeseed) and Mustard in China
    • 13.2.1 Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
      • Host plants
      • Biology and ecology
    • 13.2.2 Psylliodes punctifrons Baly (Coleoptera: Halticidae)
      • Host plants
      • Biology and ecology
    • 13.2.3 Meligethes aeneus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Cassididae)
      • Host plants
      • Biology and ecology
    • 13.2.4 Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
      • Host plants
      • Biology and ecology
    • 13.2.5 Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
      • Host plants
      • Biology and ecology
    • 13.2.6 Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
      • Host plant
      • Biology and ecology
    • 13.2.7 Hellula undalis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
      • Host plant
      • Biology and ecology
    • 13.2.8 Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
      • Host plants
      • Biology and ecology
    • 13.2.9 Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Apididae)
      • Host plants
      • Biology and ecology
    • 13.2.10 Phytomyza horticola Gourean (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
      • Host plant
      • Biology and ecology
    • 13.2.11 Athalia rosae japanensis (Rhower) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
      • Host plants
      • Biology and ecology
  • 13.3 Integrated Pest Management in Rapeseed in China
    • 13.3.1 Chemical control
    • 13.3.2 Physical control
    • 13.3.3 Cultural and biological control
      • Barrier plantings
      • Intercropping and crop rotation
      • Biological pesticides
      • Conservation tillage
    • 13.3.4 Plant breeding and transgenic technology
  • References
• 14: Integrated Control of Insect Pests on Canola and Other Brassica Oilseed Crops in Pakistan
  • 14.1 Introduction
  • 14.2 Insect Pests of Brassica Crops
    • 14.2.1 Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)
      • Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus)
      • Mustard or turnip aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)
      • Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer)
    • 14.2.2 Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
    • 14.2.3 Thrips, Thrips tabaci (Linderman) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
    • 14.2.4 Red-legged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Tucker), and blue oat mite, Penthaleus major (Duges) (Acarina: Penthaleidae)
    • 14.2.5 Bud borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
    • 14.2.6 Brown-tail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
    • 14.2.7 Green stink bug, Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
    • 14.2.8 Mustard leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
    • 14.2.9 Pea leaf miner, Phytomyza horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Phytomyzidae)
    • 14.2.10 Cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
    • 14.2.11 Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
    • 14.2.12 Crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
    • 14.2.13 Green semilooper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
    • 14.2.14 Cabbage borer, Hellula undalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
    • 14.2.15 Armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
    • 14.2.16 Leaf webber, Crocidolomia binotalis (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
    • 14.2.17 Mustard sawfly, Athalia lugens proxima (Klug) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
    • 14.2.18 Black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
    • 14.2.19 Field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (DeGeer) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
    • 14.2.20 Devastating grasshopper, Melanoplus devastator (Scudder) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
    • 14.2.21 Painted bug, Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
    • 14.2.22 Seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Paykull) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
  • 14.3 Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
    • 14.3.1 Monitoring
    • 14.3.2 Decision-making and thresholds
    • 14.3.3 Balanced fertilizer
    • 14.3.4 Non-chemical control
    • 14.3.5 Mechanical and cultural controls
    • 14.3.6 Biological control
    • 14.3.7 Biopesticides and botanicals
    • 14.3.8 Crop irrigation
    • 14.3.9 Mixed cropping
    • 14.3.10 Alteration of planting time
    • 14.3.11 Resistant varieties
    • 14.3.12 Chemical control
    • 14.3.13 Encouragement of natural enemies
  • 14.4 Future Development of Integrated Control
  • References
• 15: Cover Crops as a Tool for Insect Pest Management with a Focus on Oilseed Brassicas
  • 15.1 Introduction
  • 15.2 Cover Crops for Conservation Biocontrol of Arthropod Pests
    • 15.2.1 Increasing diversity of natural enemies
    • 15.2.2 Providing nutritional resources for natural enemies
    • 15.2.3 Providing overwintering sites for natural enemies
    • 15.2.4 Enhancing soil fauna with cover crops
  • 15.3 Cover Crop Selection
  • 15.4 Importance of Understanding Native Agroecosystem Insect Diversity
  • 15.5 Possible Implementations of Cover Crops in Brassica Crops
  • 15.6 Conclusions
  • References
• 16: Detection, Symptomatology and Management of Aster Yellows Disease in Canola
  • 16.1 Introduction
  • 16.2 Molecular Tools
  • 16.3 Leafhopper Population
  • 16.4 Symptomatology
  • 16.5 Effect of Soil Moisture and Leafhopper Density on AY Symptoms and Seed Production in Canola
  • 16.6 Aster Yellows Incidence in Canola Nurseries
  • 16.7 Conclusion
  • References
• 17: Pestiferous Insects of Mustard: Biology and Integrated Management
  • 17.1 Introduction
  • 17.2 Biology of Pestiferous Insects of Mustard
    • 17.2.1 Mustard sawfly: Athalia lugens proxima Klug
      • Importance
      • Identification and biology
      • Nature and symptoms of damage
    • 17.2.2 Diamondback moth: Plutella xylostella (L.)
      • Importance
      • Identification and biology
      • Nature and symptoms of damage
    • 17.2.3 Leaf webber: Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller
      • Importance
      • Identification and biology
      • Nature and symptoms of damage
    • 17.2.4 Head borer/cabbage webworm: Hellula undalis (F.)
      • Importance
      • Identification and biology
      • Nature and symptoms of damage
    • 17.2.5 Large cabbage butterfly: Pieris brassicae (L.)
      • Importance
      • Identification and biology
      • Nature and symptoms of damage
    • 17.2.6 Tobacco caterpillar/taro caterpillar: Spodoptera litura (F.)
      • Importance
      • Identification and biology
      • Nature and symptoms of damage
    • 17.2.7 Bihar hairy caterpillar: Spilarctia obliqua Walker
      • Importance
      • Identification and biology
      • Nature and symptoms of damage
    • 17.2.8 Flea beetle: Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze)
      • Importance
      • Identification and biology
      • Nature and symptoms of damage
    • 17.2.9 Painted bug: Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister)
      • Importance
      • Identification and biology
      • Nature and symptoms of damage
    • 17.2.10 Aphids (mustard aphid: Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.); green peach aphid: Myzus persicae (Sulzer); cabbage aphid: Brevicoryne brassicae (L.))
      • Importance
      • Identification and biology
      • Nature and symptoms of damage
    • 17.2.11 Cabbage maggot/root maggot: Delia radicum (L.)
      • Importance
      • Identification and biology
      • Nature and symptoms of damage
    • 17.2.12 Brassica pod midge: Dasineura brassicae Winn.
      • Importance
      • Identification and biology
      • Nature and symptoms of damage
  • 17.3 Integrated Management
    • 17.3.1 Agroecosystem analysis-based monitoring and decision making
    • 17.3.2 Cultural control
    • 17.3.3 Ecological engineering for pest management
    • 17.3.4 Push–pull technique as a pest management strategy
    • 17.3.5 Mechanical control
    • 17.3.6 Biological control
    • 17.3.7 Genetic control
    • 17.3.8 Chemical control
  • 17.4 Host Plant Defence-based Mustard Pest Management Tactics
    • 17.4.1 Direct and indirect defences through natural and induced mechanisms
    • 17.4.2 Direct and indirect defences through genetic breeding and genetic engineering
  • 17.5 Role of Climate Change in Mustard Pest Management
  • 17.6 Ideal IPM Strategy and Conclusions
  • References
• 18: Volatile Organic Compounds in Integrated Pest Management of Brassica Oilseed Crops
  • 18.1 Introduction
  • 18.2 Volatile Organic Compounds and Their Ecological Functions in Association with Plants and Herbivores
  • 18.3 Oilseed Brassica VOCs
  • 18.4 Volatiles as Host Recognition Cues for Important Brassica Herbivores
  • 18.5 Plant-emitted VOCs in Attracting Natural Enemies
  • 18.6 Pheromones of Important Brassica Pest Herbivores
  • 18.7 Volatiles in Push–pull Strategies for Brassica Pests
  • 18.8 Future Potential of VOC-based Biocontrol Strategies
  • 18.9 Conclusions
  • References
• 19: Impact of Genetically Modified Herbicide-resistant Oilseed Rape on Non-target Organisms: Natural Enemies of Oilseed Rape Pests
  • 19.1 Introduction
  • 19.2 Effect of GM Herbicide-resistant Oilseed Rape on Predators
  • 19.3 Effect of GM Herbicide-resistant Oilseed Rape on Parasitoids
  • 19.4 Effect of GM Herbicide-resistant Oilseed Rape on Insect Pathogens
  • 19.5 Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 20: Insect-transmitted Viruses in Canola
  • 20.1 Introduction
  • 20.2 Aphids on Canola
  • 20.3 Aphid Ecology and Adaptations
  • 20.4 Canola-infecting Viruses
    • 20.4.1 Aphid-transmitted viruses
      • Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)
      • Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)
      • Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV)
      • Beet western yellows virus (BWYV)
      • Broccoli necrotic yellows virus (BNYV)
    • 20.4.2 Viruses transmitted by flea beetles
      • Radish mosaic virus (RaMV)
      • Turnip crinkle virus (TCV)
      • Other beetle-borne viruses
  • 20.5 Management of Vectors and Viruses in Canola
    • 20.5.1 Host-plant resistance
    • 20.5.2 Chemical management of vectors
    • 20.5.3 Cultural practices/tactics
      • Planting date
      • Tillage and row spacing
      • Weed management
      • Biological control
  • 20.6 Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 21: Present and Potential Impacts of Insects on Camelina and Crambe
  • 21.1 Introduction
  • 21.2 The Crops
    • 21.2.1 Camelina
    • 21.2.2 Crambe
  • 21.3 Arthropod Fauna Associated with Camelina and Crambe: Pollinators
  • 21.4 Arthropod Fauna Associated with Camelina and Crambe: Pests
    • 21.4.1 Specialist insects
      • Flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
      • Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
      • Crucifer-feeding root maggots (Delia spp.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
      • Cabbage seedpod weevil Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) and other Ceutorhynchus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
      • Swede midge Contarinia nasturtii (Kiefer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
      • Other specialist insects
    • 21.4.2 Generalist insects
      • Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
      • Lygus species (Heteroptera: Miridae)
      • Bertha armyworm Mamestra configurata Walker and other cutworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
      • Aphids (Heteroptera: Aphididae)
      • Others
  • 21.5 Insect Pest Management in Camelina and Crambe
  • 21.6 Conclusion
  • References
• 22: Integrated Pest Management and Pollination Services in Brassica Oilseed Crops
  • 22.1 Introduction
  • 22.2 Importance of Insect Pollination in Brassica Oilseed Crops
  • 22.3 Pollinators Attracted to Brassica Oilseed Crops
  • 22.4 Best IPM Practices for Brassica Oilseed Crops in the Context of Pollinator Conservation
  • 22.5 Improvement of Pollination in Brassica Oilseed Crops
  • 22.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
  • References
• 23: Role of Glucosinolates in Resistance and Attraction to Insects: Applications in Trap Cropping and Pest Management in Brassica Oilseed Crops
  • 23.1 Introduction
  • 23.2 Glucosinolates in Brassica Oilseed Crops
  • 23.3 Trap Cropping in Brassica Oilseed Crops
  • 23.4 Most Important Insect Pests Attacking Brassica Oilseed Crops
    • 23.4.1 Lepidopteran pests
    • 23.4.2 Coleopteran pests
    • 23.4.3 Dipteran pests
    • 23.4.4 Hemipteran pests
  • 23.5 Conclusions
  • References
• 24: Arthropod Pests of Australian Canola During Crop Emergence: IPM and Future Directions
  • 24.1 Introduction
  • 24.2 Emergence Arthropod Pest Communities in Australian Agroecosystems
    • 24.2.1 Sminthurus viridis (L.) (sub-class Collembola: Sminthuridae)
    • 24.2.2 Halotydeus destructor (Acarina: Penthaleidae)
    • 24.2.3 Penthaleus spp. (Acarina: Penthaleidae)
    • 24.2.4 Bryobia spp. (Acarina: Tetranychidae)
    • 24.2.5 Balaustium medicagoense (Acarina: Erythraeidae)
  • 24.3 Impact of Emergence Pests on B. napus
  • 24.4 Control Options for Emergence Pests as Part of an Integrated Pest Management Approach
    • 24.4.1 Cultural controls
    • 24.4.2 Natural enemies and other biological control
    • 24.4.3 Pesticides
  • 24.5 Future Prospects: New Tools for Management
    • 24.5.1 Predictive models
    • 24.5.2 Monitoring protocols and thresholds for decision making
    • 24.5.3 Impact of natural enemies and other biological control agents
    • 24.5.4 Host plant resistance
  • 24.6 Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 25: Use of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Insect Pest Management of Brassica Oilseed Crops
  • 25.1 Introduction
  • 25.2 Entomopathogenic Fungi for Key Oilseed Brassica Pests
  • 25.3 The Bioinsecticide Approach
  • 25.4 Autodissemination of Fungal Insect Pathogens
  • 25.5 Entomovectoring for Targeted Delivery of Biopesticides
  • 25.6 Endophytic Entomopathogenic Fungi
  • 25.7 Augmentation and Ecosystem Management
  • 25.8 Entomopathogenic Fungi in Integrated Pest Management
  • 25.9 Outlook for Using Entomopathogenic Fungi in Oilseed Brassica Pest Management
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• Index