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"Unique collection of chapters focussing on the climate change research carried out at the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. The book covers a broad range of climate change impacts across a spectrum of systems"--.

• Climate Change Impacts and Sustainability
• Copyright
• Contents
• Contributors
• Preface
• 1 Introduction
  • An Overview
  • Structure of the Book
  • References
• Part I Climate Change and Agropastoral Ecosystems
  • 2 Living and Responding to Climate Variability and Change among Coffee and Banana Farmers in the Highlands of Moshi Rural District, Tanzania
    • Introduction
      • The vulnerability context of coffee and banana farming
    • Materials and Methods
      • The study area
      • Data collection
    • Results
      • Perceived climate variability
      • Rainfall and temperature variability in Moshi Rural District, 1990–2016
      • Perceived impacts of climate variability and change on coffee and banana farming
      • Trend of banana and coffee production in the study area, 1990–2016
      • Responses to impacts of climate variability on coffee and banana farming
      • Challenges of adaptating to climate variability and change for coffee and banana farming
    • Discussion
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgements
    • References
  • 3 Cassava as an Adaptation Crop to Climate Variability and Change in Coastal Areas of Tanzania: A Case of the Mkuranga District
    • Introduction
    • Materials and Methods
      • The study area
      • The study villages
      • Methods of data collection
        • Primary data
        • Secondary data
      • Data analysis
    • Results and Discussion
      • Climate change perception of the respondents
      • Climatic trends in the study area
        • Temperature trends over the past 30 years
        • Rainfall trend in the study area over the past 30 years
      • Impacts of climate variability and change on households’ food status
      • Cassava and households’ food and livelihood security
      • Cassava consumption in the study area
    • Conclusion
    • Note
    • References
  • 4 Agroecosystems’ Resilience and Social–Ecological Vulnerability Index to Climate Change in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
    • Introduction
    • Materials and Methods
      • The study area
    • Results and Discussion
      • Livelihood strategies for smallholder farmers
      • Farmland and plot sizes
      • Cropping and farm management systems
      • Climate extremes, impacts and responses
      • Non-climatic challenges and responses
      • Calculating the vulnerability index
    • Conclusion
    • Note
    • References
  • 5 Effects of Conservation Agriculture on Farmers’ Livelihoods in the Face of Climate Change in Balaka District, Malawi
    • Introduction
      • Conceptual framework
        • Livelihood assets
        • Vulnerability context
        • Transforming institutions and processes
        • CA as a livelihood strategy
        • Livelihood outcomes
    • Material and Methods
      • Description of the study area
      • Data collection methods
      • Data analysis and presentation
    • Results and Discussion
      • Vulnerability context
      • Transforming institutions and processes
      • Relationship between CA and livelihood assets
      • Contribution of CA to farmers’ livelihoods
      • Challenges of CA in adaptation to climate change
        • High labour demands
        • Rainfall variability
        • Lack of inputs
      • Opportunities provided by CA in adapting to climate change
        • Improved soil moisture retention
        • Control of soil erosion
        • Improvement in food security
        • Presence of several institutions promoting CA
        • Presence of an enabling environment
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 6 A Comparative Cost–Benefit Analysis of Mobile and Sedentary Pastoral Production Systems in Selected Villages in Northern Tanzania
    • Introduction
      • The theoretical framework
        • The carrying capacity paradigm (CCP)
        • The pastoral mobility paradigm
        • The pastoral modernization paradigm
        • The resource risk, variability and governance (RRG) paradigm
        • Summary of mobile pastoralism and sustainable development paradigms
      • Frameworks for estimating the values/benefits of pastoralism
        • Total economic value (TEV)
        • The social cost–benefit analysis (SCBA)
        • Participatory economic valuation (PEV)
        • Cost–benefit analysis (CBA)
      • The conceptual framework
        • Contributions of the pastoral production system
      • Origins of pastoralism and pastoralists
        • Forms of pastoral production system
        • Unique characteristics of the pastoral production system
      • Pastoral production system challenges and drivers for change
        • Policies and regulatory frameworks
        • Climate change
        • Population growth
        • Land use conflicts
        • Outmigration of poor pastoralists
        • Commoditization and loss of common pool resources
      • Future of the Mobile Pastoral Production System
    • Materials and Methods
      • Description of the study areas
        • Makame village
        • Dofa village
      • Study design
      • Study population, sample size and sampling procedures
      • Data sources and data collection methods
        • Secondary data
        • Primary data
      • Data processing, analysis and presentation
    • Results and Discussion
      • Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of respondents
        • Gender and age of respondents
        • Marital status of the respondents
        • Educational levels of respondents
        • Occupation and experience of the respondents in the villages
        • Types of livestock kept and herd sizes
        • Livestock markets and sales
      • Analysis of the cost of running livestock production systems
        • The mobile production system
        • The sedentary production system
      • Cost–benefit ratios
        • Benefits accrued from the production systems
        • Viability and sustainability of the two alternative systems
      • Hypothesis testing
        • Overview
        • Decision criteria
    • Conclusion and Recommendations
      • Conclusion and key messages of the study
      • Cost of running the production systems
        • Benefits accrued from the production systems in the study areas
        • Viability and sustainability of the two alternative systems
      • Recommendations for policy and further research
    • Note
    • References
• Part II Climate Change and the Socio-ecological System
  • 7 Locally Based Responses to Impacts of Climate Change in Pastoral Landscapes of Northern Tanzania
    • Background
    • Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
    • Methodology
      • Study area
      • Demography and socio-economic activities
      • Sampling of respondents
      • Data collection methods
      • Data analysis
    • Results and Discussions
      • Climate trends in the study area
      • Major impacts related to climate change and variability
        • Disruption of communities’ livelihoods
        • Increasing resource use conflicts
        • Emergence of pests and diseases
      • Communities’ response measures to impacts of the changing climate
        • Mobility
        • Alternative pasture sources
        • Livelihood diversification
      • Challenges related to the response measures
        • Unsustainable benefits of response measures
        • Mobility challenges
        • Gender inequality
        • Inadequate knowledge
    • Conclusion and Recommendations
    • Acknowledgements
    • Notes
    • References
  • 8 Assessment of Socio-ecological Resilience of Agropastoralists to Climate Change and Variability Impacts in Bariadi District, Tanzania
    • Introduction
      • Statement of the research problem
      • Conceptual framework
    • Materials and Methods
      • The study area
      • Research design
      • Sampling procedure
      • Sample size for the study
      • Data collection methods
        • Secondary data collection
        • Primary data collection
      • Data analysis and presentation
    • Results and Discussion
      • Socio-economic characteristics of the respondents
        • Age and sex of respondents
        • Household size
        • Marital status
        • Education level
        • Main socio-economic activities
      • Community knowledge, perceptions and indicators of CC&V
        • Local knowledge about climate
        • Local perceptions and indicators of CC&V
      • Perceptions of rainfall variability
      • Perception of temperature variability
      • Impacts of CC&V on rural livelihoods
        • Community vulnerability to CC&V impacts
        • Impacts of climate change on crop production
        • Impacts of CC&V on livestock keeping
        • Impacts of CC&V on natural resources
      • Coping with impacts of CC&V
        • Coping and adaptation strategies: crop production
        • Coping and adaptation strategies: livestock keeping
      • Government and non-governmental initiatives
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
    • References
  • 9 Natural Resource Use Conflicts in a Changing Climate: The Case of the Wetlands of Kilombero and Kilosa Districts in Tanzania
    • Introduction
      • General overview
      • Resource-based conflicts in Tanzania
      • Conceptual and theoretical framework
    • Methodology
      • Location of the study area
      • Agroclimatic conditions
      • Data collection
    • Discussion of the Findings
      • Overview of the existing natural resource use conflicts
      • Land use conflicts in the study area
        • Land use conflicts in Kilosa District
        • Land use conflicts in Kilombero District
      • Drivers of resource use conflicts in the study area
        • Influx of people in the area
      • Climate change and variability
        • Absence or disrespect of land use plans
        • Presence of undeveloped farms
        • Poor governance
        • Unregulated resettlement
        • Ineffective dispute resolution systems
      • Major actors in resource use conflicts
        • Farmer–pastoralist conflicts
        • Villages–institutions conflicts
        • Pastoralists versus agropastoralists
        • Investors and village governments
      • Implications of natural resource conflicts on livelihoods
        • Loss of life, injuries and destruction of properties
        • Disruption of livelihood activities
        • Impacts on land and water resources
        • Decreased agricultural productivity and food insecurity
        • Impacts on management issues and communities’ relationships
      • Conflict resolution mechanisms in natural resource management
    • Conclusion and Recommendations
    • References
  • 10 The Role of Ecosystem Services in Enhancing Climate Change Resilience of Local Communities: The Case of Ngarambe-Tapika Wildlife Management Area, Rufiji District, Tanzania
    • Introduction
    • Materials and Methods
      • The study area
      • Research design
      • Data collection techniques
    • Results and Discussion
      • Social–economic activities
      • Ecosystem services obtained by the local communities
      • Benefits and investment from ecosystem services
        • Benefits from wildlife utilization
        • Other benefits from the use of ecosystem services
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 11 Effectiveness of Existing Climate Smart Agricultural Practices in Tehuledere District, North-eastern Ethiopia
    • Introduction
    • Methodology
      • The study area
      • Data collection
      • Data processing and analysis
    • Results
      • Perceived and observed climate change
        • Farmers’ perception
        • Observed changes
      • CSA practices
        • Soil and water conservation practices
        • Types of organic fertilizers
    • Discussion
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 12 Community Livelihoods and Ecosystem Integrity in Makere Forest Reserve, Western Tanzania
    • Introduction
      • Conceptual Framework
    • Methodology
      • Research design
      • Study area description
      • Selection of study villages
      • Selection of subjects of the study
      • Data collection methods
        • Participatory wealth ranking (PWR)
        • Key informant interviews
        • Focus group discussions (FGDs)
        • Household survey
        • Literature review
        • Analysis of satellite imagery
      • Data analysis plan
    • Results and Discussion
      • Socio-economic characteristics of communities
      • Education levels of respondents
      • Wealth ranks in the study area
        • The poor class
        • The middle income class
        • The well-off class
      • Livelihood activities performed in the Makere Forest Reserve
        • Agricultural practice in the area
        • Firewood and charcoal making
        • Livestock keeping
        • Timber and log harvesting
      • Implications of community livelihoods on the ecosystem’s integrity
      • Forest management challenges
        • Inadequate finance for forest administration
        • Institutional factors
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgements
    • Note
    • References
• Part III Knowledge Systems and Climate Change
  • 13 Weather Forecasting and Communication in the Upper Great Ruaha Catchment Area
    • Introduction
      • Background
      • Challenges of communicating climate information at regional and catchment scale
      • An overview of the GRCA
      • Conceptual framework
    • Material and Methods
      • Description of the study area
      • Data collection methods
    • Results and Discussion
      • Communicating weather forecasts from traditional sources in practice
      • Communicating weather forecasts from modern sources
      • Flow of climate information and institutional limitations
      • Awareness of actors on climate information
      • Access to weather forecasts and their inherent reliability
      • Weather-related advice and contents of forecasts
      • Awareness of actors of water resource management institutions
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
    • References
• Part IV Conclusion
  • 14 Lessons Learnt and the Way Forward for Research on Climate Change in Tanzania
    • Introduction
    • Vulnerability and Resilience to Climate Change
    • Impacts of Climate Variability and Change
    • Response Measures and Adaptation Strategies
    • Communicating Climate Change Information
    • Conclusion and Recommendations
    • References
• Index