"Global papaya production has grown significantly over the last few years, mainly as a result of increased production in India. This is the first comprehensive book authored by an international team of experts at the forefront of research and covers botany, biotechnology, production, postharvest physiology and processing"--.

• The Papaya
• Copyright
• Contents
• Contributors
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• 1 Origin, History, Composition and Processing
  • 1.1 Origin and History
  • 1.2 Composition and Uses
  • 1.3 Processing
    • 1.3.1 Candy
    • 1.3.2 Jam
    • 1.3.2 Jam
    • 1.3.3 Dehydrated
    • 1.3.3 Dehydrated
    • 1.3.4 Minimal processing
    • 1.3.5 Beverages
    • 1.3.6 Papain
  • 1.4 Conclusion
  • References
• 2 Production and Trade
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Global Production, Tradeand Consumption
    • 2.2.1 Global production
    • 2.2.2 Global trade exports and imports
  • 2.3 US Papaya Market
    • 2.3.1 US production
    • 2.3.2 US imports
    • 2.3.3 US consumption
    • 2.3.4 US wholesale and retail prices
  • 2.4 EU Papaya Market
  • 2.5 Market Outlook
  • References
• 3 Taxonomy, Botany and Plant Development
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Taxonomy
    • 3.2.1 Phylogeny of the Caricaceae
    • 3.2.1 Phylogeny of the Caricaceae
    • 3.2.2 Papaya diversity
    • 3.2.3 Commercial importance and breeding
    • 3.2.3 Commercial importance and breeding
  • 3.3 Botany
  • 3.3 Botany
    • 3.3.1 Plant architecture
    • 3.3.2 The stem
    • 3.3.3 The leaves
    • 3.3.4 The root system
    • 3.3.4 The root system
    • 3.3.5 The seeds
    • 3.3.6 Sex determination
  • 3.4 Development
    • 3.4.1 Germination
    • 3.4.2 Seedling and juvenile growth
    • 3.4.3 Adult vegetative growth
    • 3.4.4 Reproductive development
    • 3.4.4 Reproductive development
  • References
• 4 Propagation
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Seed
    • 4.2.1 Raising seedlings
  • 4.3 Vegetative Propagation
    • 4.3.1 Cuttings
    • 4.3.2 Grafting
    • 4.3.3 Budding
  • 4.4 In Vitro Propagation
    • 4.4.1 Embryogenesis
  • 4.5 Conclusion
  • References
• 5 Biotechnology
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 In Vitro Culture in Papaya
    • 5.2.1 Embryo rescue technique
    • 5.2.2 Protoplast culture
    • 5.2.3 Double haploid production through anther culture
    • 5.2.4 Conservation of germplasm
  • 5.3 Papaya Genetic Transformation
  • 5.4 The Papaya Genome Project and Sequencing Technology
  • 5.5 Gene Identification and Characterization
    • 5.5.1 Genes related to papaya fruitquality traits
    • 5.5.2 Genes related to papaya disease resistance
  • 5.6 Genetic Linkage Maps of Papaya and Identification of QTL
  • 5.7 Molecular Markers for Papaya Crop Improvement
  • 5.8 Conclusion
  • References
• 6 Varieties and Crop Improvement
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Varietal Diversity
    • 6.2.1 Varieties growing in different countries
      • Australia
      • Brazil
      • Caribbean
      • Fiji
      • India
      • Indonesia
      • Japan
      • Kenya
      • Malaysia
      • Mauritius
      • Mexico
      • The Philippines
      • Singapore
      • South Africa
      • Taiwan
      • Thailand
      • The USA
      • Venezuela
      • Vietnam
    • 6.2.2 Clonal cultivars
    • 6.2.3 Transgenic cultivars
    • 6.2.4 Varieties suitable for greenhouse cultivation
  • 6.3 Improvement
  • 6.4 Genetic Resources
  • 6.5 Inheritance Pattern
    • 6.5.1 Precocity and plant stature
    • 6.5.2 Sex type
    • 6.5.3 Fruit weight and shape
    • 6.5.4 Fruit skin colour
    • 6.5.5 Fruit yield
    • 6.5.6 Carpellody and female sterility
    • 6.5.7 Flavour and TSS
    • 6.5.8 Pulp colour
    • 6.5.9 Fruit freckle
    • 6.5.10 PRSV
  • 6.6 Conventional Breeding
    • 6.6.1 Introduction
    • 6.6.2 Inbreeding and selection
    • 6.6.3 Mass selection
    • 6.6.4 Recurrent selection
    • 6.6.5 Hybridization
    • 6.6.6 Intergeneric hybridization
    • 6.6.7 Interspecific hybridization
    • 6.6.8 Biotic resistance breeding
  • 6.7 Overcoming Barriers to Hybridization
    • 6.7.1 Embryo rescue technique
    • 6.7.2 Use of bridge species
    • 6.7.3 Use of nutrient solution
    • 6.7.4 Shortening the breeding cycle
  • 6.8 Backcross Breeding
  • 6.9 Heterosis
  • 6.10 Combining Ability
    • 6.10.1 Polyploidy
  • 6.11 Mutation Breeding
  • 6.12 Marker-assisted Breeding
  • 6.13 Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 7 Nutrition and Irrigation
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Soil
  • 7.3 Salinity
  • 7.4 Mycorrhizas
  • 7.5 Effect of Nutrients
    • 7.5.1 Nitrogen
    • 7.5.2 Phosphorus
    • 7.5.3 Potassium
    • 7.5.4 Calcium
    • 7.5.5 Magnesium
    • 7.5.6 Sulfur
    • 7.5.7 Boron
    • 7.5.8 Iron
  • 7.6 Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorusand Potassium
  • 7.7 Effect of Micronutrients
    • 7.7.1 Tissue analysis
    • 7.7.2 Nutrient content in leaf tissue and yield
  • 7.8 Fertigation
  • 7.9 Nutrition Management in Organic Production
  • 7.10 Irrigation
  • 7.11 Conclusion
  • References
• 8 Plant Water Relations
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2. Water Deficit Stress
  • 8.3. Chlorophyll Fluorescence
  • 8.4. Electrolyte Leakage
  • 8.5 Water Potential
  • 8.6 Photosynthesis
  • 8.7 Stomatal Conductance
  • 8.8 Intercellular CO2
  • 8.9 Conclusion
  • References
• 9 Effects of Physiology and Growing Environment on Productivity
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Physiology of Papaya
    • 9.2.1 Seed germination
    • 9.2.2 Flowering and fruiting
  • 9.3 Effect of Light Intensity on Growth and Development
  • 9.4 Photosynthesis and Fruit Quality
  • 9.5 Environmental Effects on Productivity
  • 9.5.1 Temperature effects on productivity
  • 9.5.2 Wind effects on productivity
  • 9.5.3 Water effects on productivity
  • 9.6 Summary and Future Direction
  • References
• 10 Flowering and Sex Expression
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Floral Development and Flowering
    • 10.2.1 Floral morphology
    • 10.2.2 Flower induction
      • Environmental factors and nutrition
      • Gene regulation
  • 10.3 Sex Determination System
    • 10.3.1 Genetics of sex determination
    • 10.3.2 Epigenetics of sex determination
    • 10.3.3 Plant growth regulators affecting sex expression
  • 10.4 Molecular Markersfor Sex Determination
  • 10.5 Conclusion
  • References
• 11 Fruit Set, Development, Maturity and Ripening
  • 11.1 Fruit Set and Development
    • 11.1.1 Flowering habits and fruit characteristics
    • 11.1.2 Fruit set and parthenocarpy
    • 11.1.3 Fruit growth models
    • 11.1.4 Fruit size determinants: seediness, flower size and sink:source ratio
  • 11.2 Maturity and Ripening
    • 11.2.1 Respiratory activity
    • 11.2.2 Physical and chemical changesat harvest and during ripening
      • Ripeness index
      • Colour changes in peel and fruit pulp
      • Firmness
      • Changes in Total Soluble Solids (TSS)
      • Changes in sugars
      • Changes in acidity
      • Ascorbic acid
      • Changes in pigments
      • Volatile compounds
      • Phenolic compounds
      • Biochemistry of ripening
  • 11.3 Conclusion
  • References
• 12 Physiological Disorders
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 Disorders
    • 12.2.1 Blossom end defect
    • 12.2.2 Bumpy fruit
    • 12.2.3 Carpellody
    • 12.2.4 Chilling injury
    • 12.2.5 Deformed/discoloured seeds
    • 12.2.6 Hard lumps in pulp
    • 12.2.7 Heat injury
    • 12.2.8 Intra-ovarian ovaries
    • 12.2.9 Pulp softening
    • 12.2.10 Skin freckles
    • 12.2.11 Soft fruit
    • 12.2.12 Sun scald
    • 12.2.13 Sunken dry brownish areas
    • 12.2.14 Pulp flesh gelling
    • 12.2.15 Viviparous seed
  • 12.3 Conclusion
  • References
• 13 Insect and Nematode Pests
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 Pests
    • 13.2.1 Papaya mealybug
      • Biology and nature of the damage
      • Management
    • 13.2.2 Striped mealybug
      • Biology and nature of the damage
      • Management
    • 13.2.3 Oriental red scale
      • Biology and nature of the damage
      • Management
    • 13.2.4 Papaya fruit fly
      • Biology and damage
      • Management
    • 13.2.5 Thrips
    • 13.2.6 Papaya whitefly
    • 13.2.7 Aphids
    • 13.2.8 Red spider mite
    • 13.2.9 Fruitspotting bug
      • Damage
      • Management
  • 13.3 Nematode Pests
    • 13.3.1 Root knot nematode
      • Biology and life cycle
      • Nematode management
    • 13.3.2 Reniform nematode
      • Nematode management
    • 13.3.3 Dagger nematode
  • 13.4 Conclusion
  • References
• 14 Diseases
  • 14.1 Introduction
  • 14.2 Diseases Caused by Fungi and Fungal-like Organisms
    • 14.2.1 Phytophthora root, stemand fruit rot
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organism and disease distribution
      • Control measures
    • 14.2.2 Seedling damping off and root rot
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organism and disease distribution
      • Control measures
    • 14.2.3 Collar rot
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organism and disease distribution
      • Control measures
    • 14.2.4 Brown spot
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organism and disease distribution
      • Control measures
    • 14.2.5 Black spot
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organism and disease distribution
    • 14.2.6 Cercospora black spot
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organism and disease distribution
      • Control measures
    • 14.2.7 Powdery mildew
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organism and disease distribution
      • Control measures
    • 14.2.8 Postharvest rots
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organisms and disease distribution
      • Control measures
  • 14.3 Diseases Caused by Bacteria
    • 14.3.1 Bacterial crown rot, bacterial canker,bacterial dieback and bacterial decline
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organism and disease distribution
      • Control measures
    • 14.3.2 Bacterial postharvest rots
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organisms and disease distribution
      • Control measures
  • 14.4 Virus Diseases
    • 14.4.1 Papaya leaf curl disease
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organism and disease distribution
    • 14.4.2 Papaya ringspot disease
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organism and disease distribution
      • Control measures
    • 14.4.3 Papaya leaf distortion mosaic disease
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organism and disease distribution
      • Control measures
    • 14.4.4 Papaya meleira (sticky) disease
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organism and disease distribution
  • 14.5 Diseases Caused by Phytoplasmas and Rickettsias
    • 14.5.1 Papaya dieback disease
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organism and disease distribution
      • Control measures
    • 14.5.2 Papaya yellow crinkle/mosaic
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organism and disease distribution
      • Control measures
    • 14.5.3 Papaya bunchy top symptom
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organism and disease distribution
    • 14.5.4 Bunchy top disease
      • Symptoms
      • Causal organism and disease distribution
      • Control measures
  • 14.6 Conclusions
  • References
• 15 Greenhouse Cultivation
  • 15.1 Introduction
  • 15.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Greenhouse Cultivation
  • 15.3 Types of Greenhouses
  • 15.4 Cultivars
  • 15.5 Cultivation Techniques
  • 15.6 Pests and Diseases
  • 15.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 16 Postharvest Handling, Storage and Quality
  • 16.1 Introduction
  • 16.2 Harvesting and Handling
    • 16.2.1 Maturity index
    • 16.2.2 Grading
    • 16.2.3 Packing
    • 16.2.4 Water loss, coatings and wraps
    • 16.2.5 Ethylene sensitivity
  • 16.3 Storage and Shipping
    • 16.3.1 Storage temperatures
    • 16.3.2 Ripening temperatures
    • 16.3.3 Ethylene, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and volatiles on fruit ripening
    • 16.3.4 Controlled atmosphere (CA) and modified atmosphere storage
    • 16.3.5 Postharvest quality losses
  • 16.4 Postharvest Handling and Storage-related Disorders
    • 16.4.1 Mechanical injury
    • 16.4.2 Chilling injury
    • 16.4.3 Mesocarp softening variation
    • 16.4.4 Disease and disinfestation heat injury
  • 16.5 Insect Disinfestation
  • 16.6 Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• Index