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Table of Contents
- Cover
- Butterfly Biology Systems Connections and Interactions in Life History and Behaviour
- Copyright
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Appendix: Supplementary Figures (online)
- Preface
- Key for figures
- Acknowledgements
- SECTION A Language and Concepts of Systems Theory
- Chapter A.1 Reality, Abstractions and Systems
- Systems as models for relationships
- Modelling issues
- Scientific method and evidence-based research
- Chapter A.2 Types of Systems
- Functional classification
- Structural classification
- Chapter A.3 Structure and Relationship in Systems
- Components
- Links
- Types of relationship
- Association and causation
- Chapter A.4 Systems States
- Feedback, self-regulation and equilibrium states
- Lags and relaxation time
- Biological systems: the nature of responses
- Chapter A.5 Measurement of Relationships in Systems
- The data box: classes,components and elements
- Measures of association
- Regression, noise and inferring cause–effect relationships
- Path analysis and structural equations
- Size, order and hierarchy in relationships
- Modelling the system
- Approaches to the probability of events
- Chapter A.6 Catering for Taxa and Phylogenies
- Taxonomy and systematics
- Proximity of relationships: phylogeny and/or convergence
- Chapter A.7 Systematic Reviews of Research Findings: Meta-analysis and Evidence-based Programmes
- Chapter A.1 Reality, Abstractions and Systems
- SECTION B Perspectives on Butterfly Biology
- Chapter B.1 Taxonomic Constraints in Biological Systems
- The Lepidoptera
- Butterfly clades
- Differences among butterfly clades:basic sources and indications
- Taxonomy and shifting relationships
- Transformation: breaking the species barrier
- Chapter B.2 The Time Frame in Butterfly Biology Systems
- The butterfly fossil record
- Butterfly–plant evolution
- Chapter B.3 The Space Frame for Butterfly Biology Systems
- The grain and extent of studies
- The interlocking space-time frame
- Faunas and faunal regions
- Chapter B.4 Habitat: the Context for Individuals and Populations
- Traditional habitat space and its failings
- The resource-based habitat – basicide as and extensions
- Habitat and niche
- Measures of resource integration and compaction
- The resource-based habitat – extending the scope and narrowing the focus
- Movement: the glue that links resource use
- Chapter B.5 The Butterfly Body Frame: Basic Contrastsin Butterfly Biology
- Sensing the environment
- Contrasts in form: horses for courses
- Evolutionary development of endless patterns and forms
- Stages of development and variation in appearance: local and global diversity
- Sexual dimorphism: sexual selection or natural selection
- Chapter B.6 Trade-offs and Regulation in Butterfly Biology
- Chapter B.7 Model Taxa and Model Systems
- Chapter B.8 Butterfly Databases
- Chapter B.9 Basic Connections and Broad Divisions in Butterfly Biology
- Chapter B.1 Taxonomic Constraints in Biological Systems
- SECTION C Butterfly Life History – Basic Trade-offs in Reproduction, Development and Survival
- Chapter C.1 Size, Brood Number and Development:Fewer Large Eggs or More Small Eggs?
- Across-species maternal egg-size associations
- Within-species egg-size fecundity relationships
- Cautionary messages from fine resolution research
- Chapter C.2 Conundrum of Larval Growth: Fast and Small, Slow and Large, or Neither?
- Halts and steps in growth strategies
- Some internal and external factors affecting growth and development
- Consequences of sex dimorphism for growth and development
- Factors and cues in growth patterns
- Some key observations
- Chapter C.3 Alternatives to Continuous Development: to Stay and Adjust or Leave?
- Hibernation and aestivation
- Migration
- Seasonal polyphenism
- Critical seasons: expectations and exceptions
- Chapter C.4 Single or Gregarious Living? Host Drivers and Taxon Dependence
- Penalties and payoffs of egg clustering: how often and how many?
- Costs and benefits at the larval stage:the aggregation–defence–signalling conundrum
- Adult aggregations
- Chapter C.5 Alternatives in Mating: When, How Often and for How Long?
- Protandry versus postandry:arriving too soon, too late, or both?
- Monandry versus polyandry:mating once or more often?
- Copulation time: short and often,or long and infrequent?
- Chapter C.6 Income or Capital Breeding: Invest Now and Pay Later, or Pay As You Go?
- Chapter C.7 Mechanisms for Survival: an Arsenal for All Occasions
- Trophic interactions and developmental stage vulnerability
- Eluding enemies: concealment,evasion and defence
- The anti-predator kit for life:change and compromise
- Chapter C.8 Mimicry: Honest and Dishonest Signals of Unpalatability
- Distinguishing types of mimicry
- Müllerian and Batesian mimicry:a continuum of deception
- The factor complex underlying defensive mimicry: a brief look atnumbers
- The Batesian model: convergence of species, divergence of sexes
- Chapter C.9 Mechanisms Extending Survival into Exploitation
- Butterflies and ant enemy space;the bounds of associations
- Symbiosis and beyond in the ant–butterfly realm: the worm turns
- The impact of ant–butterfly associations on larval growth
- Ant–butterfly associations: evolutionary links and conundrums
- Chapter C.10 Adult Lifespan: the Implications of Living for Longer
- Chapter C.1 Size, Brood Number and Development:Fewer Large Eggs or More Small Eggs?
- SECTION D Butterfly Behaviour – Interactive Adjustments in the Habitat
- Chapter D.1 The Context and Dimensions for Observing Individual Behaviour
- Chapter D.2 Basking Modes, Heat and Water Balance:Adjustments to Abiotic Conditions
- Heating and cooling mechanisms in butterflies: basic systems’ limitations
- Wing surfaces in thermoregulation:consequences of selecting sides,angles and aspects
- Keeping cool and staying hot: using the environment’s physical resources
- Warming up and keeping cool as a caterpillar
- Chapter D.3 Adult Feeding – Refuelling Strategies
- Fuelling up on alternative sources:flower power versus meat, mud, dung,sap and salts
- Feeding time: when, for how long,how often and on what?
- Choosing the right flower: large or small, clumped or single?
- Feeding at puddles:why do it with others?
- Chapter D.4 Mate Location and Courtship – Finding Suitable Mates
- What are the basic attributes of mate location systems?
- Drivers of the perch-patrol continuum:the uncertainties of inter-species fundamentals
- A choice for obtaining mates: whether to scramble about or sit put?
- The resource conundrum: when is a perch site not a resource?
- Territories: costs and benefits of a defended space
- Leks: who gets on top, and why,when defence costs escalate?
- Hilltopping and peak performance:butterfly mountaineers scale the unpredictable
- Chapter D.5 Courtship – Doing the Business
- Cues as codes for successful mating: why the escalating complexity?
- Mate refusal: its development, breakdown and consequences
- Chapter D.6 Roost and Rest Sites – Taking a Break
- Meeting the demands of inertia
- Communal or single sleeping:benefits and consequences?
- Chapter D.7 Egg-laying – Unloading the Next Generation
- Egg release and placement: where and when?
- Egg avoidance and egg deterrence
- Individual variation in brood size:judging what is too few or too many?
- Chapter D.8 Larval Feeding – Body Building under Duress
- Neonates: getting started and moving in a Brobdingnagian world
- Growth and shifts in behaviour
- Microcosms in space-time: shifting niches in feed–rest cycles
- When to feed and not to feed: dangers in development
- Butterfly larvae engineers
- Chapter D.9 Choosing Pupation Sites – Selecting Sites for the Final Transformation
- Trade-offs for pre-pupal wandering
- Site selection for the pupal environment
- Chapter D.10 Adult Anti-predator Behaviour – Life and Death in the Habitat
- Poison, palatability, posture and signalling: alternative strategies for survival in the habitat
- The behavioural arsenal of deceit
- Wing eyes, spots and tails: evolutionary fingerprints of predator evasion
- Thanatosis: a final solutionto remaining alive?
- Epilogue
- Key concepts for informed choices
- Bias: the bugbear of the natural sciences
- Complexity is in the nature of things
- Explanations: resource limitations and the research environment
- Butterfly science: the way ahead
- Glossary of Terms and Concepts
- Supplementary
- Appendix: Symbols used in the text figures
- References
- Index
- Back Cover
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