Table | Card | RUSMARC | |
Allowed Actions:
Group: Anonymous Network: Internet |
Document access rights
Network | User group | Action | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ILC SPbPU Local Network | All |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
||||
Internet | Authorized users SPbPU |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
||||
![]() |
Internet | Anonymous |
Table of Contents
- Contents
- Chapter 1. Introduction
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 A foreign world: life tied to silk lines
- 1.3 A brief history of spider web studies
- 1.4 Emphasis on behavior
- 1.5 The scope of this book and tactics in presentation
- 1.6 Evolutionary history and phylogeny
- 1.7 Terminology and other procedural matters
- 1.8 Acknowledgments
- Chapter 2. The “hardware” of web-building spiders: morphology, silk, and behavior
- 2.1. Introduction
- 2.2 Silk glands and silk
- 2.2.1 Origins
- 2.2.2 Mechanical properties and how they are determined
- 2.2.3 Major ampullate glands
- 2.2.4 Minor ampullate glands
- 2.2.5 Aciniform glands
- 2.2.6 Flagelliform glands
- 2.2.7 Pseudoflagelliform glands
- 2.2.8 Sticky silk
- 2.2.8.1 Cribellum glands
- 2.2.8.2 Aggregate glands
- 2.2.8.3 Venom glands that produce contractile sticky “webs” in Scytodidae
- 2.2.8.4 Ampullate glands in Loxosceles
- 2.2.9 Piriform glands
- 2.2.9.1 Spinneret morphology
- 2.2.9.2 Morphology of attachment discs
- 2.2.9.3 Different attachment disc morphologies result from spinneret behavior and morphology
- 2.2.9.4 The “piriform queen”—Cyrtophora citricola
- 2.2.10 Epiandrous glands
- 2.2.11 Other products associated with silk
- 2.2.12 Control of rates of silk secretion in glands
- 2.2.13 Forming bridge lines
- 2.3 Spinnerets as high-precision instruments
- 2.3.1 Ancestral morphology and behavior
- 2.3.2 Strategic placements of spigots on the spinnerets of araneomorphs
- 2.3.2.1 General considerations
- 2.3.2.2 Special cases involving web designs
- 2.3.2.3 Additional complications
- 2.3.3 Phylogenetic inertia?
- 2.3.4 Behavior of the spinnerets
- 2.3.5 How are lines terminated?
- 2.4 Leg morphology and behavior: grasping lines precisely and securely
- 2.4.1 Grasping lines in a web; tarsal morphology and leg movements
- 2.4.2 Complementary searching and grasping behavior
- 2.4.2.1 The blind man’s cane and the art of following
- 2.4.2.2 Asymmetric searching movements that match asymmetric tarsal morphology
- 2.4.2.3 An additional detail: rotating legs to grasp lines
- 2.4.3 Grasping a line prior to attaching the dragline
- 2.5 Cutting lines and recycling silk
- 2.5.1 Cutting lines
- 2.5.2 Recycling silk
- 2.6 How spiders avoid adhering to their own webs: a mystery partly solved
- 2.7 Central nervous system basis for web construction
- 2.8 Summary
- Chapter 3. Functions of orb web designs
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Correcting common misconceptions about orb webs
- 3.2.1 Orbs are neither sieves nor sound detectors
- 3.2.2 Orb webs are not the pinacle of web evolution
- 3.2.3 Orbs have never been demonstrated to be “optimum” structures
- 3.2.4 The trajectories, diameters, and velocities of prey are diverse and poorly known
- 3.2.5 Most differences in orb designs are probably not specializations for particular prey
- 3.2.5.1 Long lists of prey captured argue against strong specialization
- 3.2.5.2 Strong habitat effects
- 3.2.5.3 Data from prey counts generally have serious flaws
- 3.2.5.4 Measuring “available” prey is also difficult
- 3.2.5.5 Ontogenetic changes in web design (and lack of such changes) can introduce noise
- 3.2.5.6 Ecological settings of studies need to be evolutionarily realistic
- 3.2.5.7 Flexible construction behavior
- 3.2.5.8 Possible exceptions: relative prey specialization
- 3.2.5.9 A summary regarding prey specialization in orb webs
- 3.2.6 Interspecific competition for prey is probably not common
- 3.2.7 Sticky spiral spacing is not uniform
- 3.2.8 Orb designs are probably not taxon-specific
- 3.2.8.1 Species-specificity
- 3.2.8.2 Effects of intra-specific genetic differences
- 3.2.8.3 Genus-specificity?
- 3.2.8.4 Differences at higher taxonomic levels and a summary
- 3.2.9 The properties of homologous lines are not invariable
- 3.2.9.1 Differences between species
- 3.2.9.2 Differences within species
- 3.2.9.3 Consequences for understanding orb web designs
- 3.2.10 Correlations between orb design and details of attack behavior are inconsistent
- 3.2.10.1 Inconsistent relationships
- 3.2.10.2 More likely correlations
- 3.2.11 Orb movements in wind may not be generally significant in intercepting prey (but may affect orb designs)
- 3.2.11.1 Web movements and the encounter model
- 3.2.11.2 Different types of orb web movement in the wind
- 3.2.11.3 Orb movements in the wind: are they important?
- 3.2.11.3.1 Prey capture
- 3.2.11.3.2 Web damage
- 3.2.12 Prey are not defenseless: protection from the spider’s own prey
- 3.2.13 Design details are likely to be selectively important
- 3.2.14 Adultophilia: a serious arachnological problem
- 3.3 How orbs function
- 3.3.1 Intercepting prey
- 3.3.2 Functions for non-sticky lines (radii, hub and frame lines)
- 3.3.2.1 Stop prey
- 3.3.2.2 Transmit vibration cues for arousal and orientation
- 3.3.2.2.1 Longitudinal vibrations and their amplitudes
- 3.3.2.2.2 Precision of orientation and the importance (?) of radial organization
- 3.3.2.2.3 Types of prey vibration
- 3.3.2.3 Support the spider and facilitate her movements
- 3.3.2.4 Primary frame lines: adapt to variable spaces, increase extensibility, and avoid resonant vibrations (?)
- 3.3.2.4.1 Theoretical expectations of benefits and costs
- 3.3.2.4.2 Tests of predictions
- 3.3.2.5 Secondary and tertiary frame lines: increase extensibility
- 3.3.2.5.1 Tests of hypotheses
- 3.3.2.6 The hub: mechanical stabilizer, information center, and launching platform
- 3.3.2.6.1 Attack behavior and hub designs
- 3.3.2.6.2 Lines to pull, push against, and grasp while turning
- 3.3.2.6.3 Tensing (and relaxing) functions of the hub
- 3.3.2.7 Functions of the tertiary radii
- 3.3.2.8 Functions of the temporary spiral
- 3.3.2.8.1 Patterns in temporary spiral spacing
- 3.3.2.8.2 Probable functions of the temporary spiral (hand rail and others)
- 3.3.2.8.3 Patterns in temporary spiral spacing in orbs and their possible significance
- 3.3.2.9 The other side of the coin: how best to fail
- 3.3.3 Functions for sticky lines
- 3.3.3.1 Retain prey
- 3.3.3.1.1 Selection favors longer retention times
- 3.3.3.1.2 Means by which prey are retained: adhesion, extension, and resistance to breaking
- 3.3.3.1.3 Means of escape: prey behavior
- 3.3.3.1.4 Spaces between sticky lines
- 3.3.3.1.5 An orb’s slant
- 3.3.3.1.6 “Pulley” attachments of the sticky spiral to the radii
- 3.3.3.1.7 Variations in retention times and their consequences
- 3.3.3.1.8 Summary
- 3.3.3.2 Reduce the web’s visibility
- 3.3.3.2.1 Some insects can see orb webs
- 3.3.3.2.2 Does visibility affect prey capture in the field?
- 3.3.3.2.3 Yellow silk
- 3.3.3.3 Other functions
- 3.3.3.3.1 Survive environmental insults
- 3.3.3.3.2 Reduce construction costs and physical constraints
- 3.3.3.3.2.1 Behavioral costs?
- 3.3.3.3.2.1.1 Orb weavers
- 3.3.3.3.2.1.2 The special case of uloborids
- 3.3.3.3.2.2 Energetic constraints?
- 3.3.3.3.2.3 Material costs
- 3.3.3.3.2.4 The (unknown) costs of vigilance
- 3.3.3.3.3 Non-orb weavers
- 3.3.3.3.4 Defense against predators
- 3.3.3.3.5 Other possible variables and functions
- 3.3.3.4 Planar and non-planar orbs
- 3.3.3.1 Retain prey
- 3.3.4 The function(s) of stabilimenta
- 3.3.4.1 Egg sac and detritus stabilimenta
- 3.3.4.2 Silk stabilimenta
- 3.3.4.2.1 The hypotheses
- 3.3.4.2.2 Problems interpreting the data
- 3.3.4.2.2.1 Inconsistent support and behavior
- 3.3.4.2.2.2 Difficulties with direct measurements I: ecological realism
- 3.3.4.2.2.3 Direct measurements II: behavioral contexts, defensive behaviors, species differences
- 3.3.4.2.2.4 Direct measurements III: inappropriate measurements
- 3.3.4.2.2.5 The importance of UV reflectance
- 3.3.4.2.2.6 The hypotheses are not mutually exclusive
- 3.3.4.2.2.7 Some crucial behavioral phenomena are poorly understood
- 3.3.4.2.2.8 Comparing many apples with many oranges
- 3.3.4.2.2.9 Summary of weaknesses of direct measurements
- 3.3.4.2.3 Further complications: angles of view, illumination, and background
- 3.3.4.2.4 Conclusions
- 3.4 Summary
- Chapter 4. Putting pieces together: tradeoffs and remaining puzzles
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 “Optimal” orb designs: tradeoffs between functions are difficult to measure
- 4.2.1 Tradeoffs between functions
- 4.2.2 The “rare large prey hypothesis”: a dominant role for the stopping function?
- 4.2.3 Investments in foraging
- 4.2.4 Overview
- 4.3 “Multiple trap” design: a new way to view orb webs
- 4.3.1 Unequal spacing of radii is ubiquitous
- 4.3.2 Edge-to-hub patterns in sticky spiral spacing are also common—why?
- 4.3.2.1 Constraint by cues
- 4.3.2.2 Speed of attacks
- 4.3.2.3 Stopping prey
- 4.3.2.4 Sticky spiral entanglement
- 4.3.3 Illumination from exceptions
- 4.3.3.1 Low prey velocities
- 4.3.3.2 Tightly and widely spaced radii
- 4.3.3.3 Other patterns, other explanations
- 4.3.3.3.1 Above vs. below the hub
- 4.3.3.3.2 Inner edge of the capture zone, “flimsy” orbs, turnbacks
- 4.3.4 A limitation of current data: heterogeneity of lines
- 4.3.5 Conclusions regarding within-web patterns of sticky spiral spacing
- 4.3.6 Consequences for understanding how orbs function
- 4.4 Tensions and stresses
- 4.4.1 Theoretical expectations of uniformity in homologous lines are not confirmed
- 4.4.2 Tensions vary despite abilities to adjust them
- 4.4.2.1 Tensions on non-sticky lines in finished orbs
- 4.4.2.2 Different tensions along the length of a single radius
- 4.4.2.2.1 Web modifications that produce tension changes
- 4.4.2.2.2 Functions of altered tensions
- 4.4.2.3 Some spiders manipulate tensions in finished orbs
- 4.4.2.4 Tensions on sticky lines
- 4.4.2.5 Experimental manipulation of tensions
- 4.5 Relative numbers of radii and sticky spiral loops
- 4.6 Testing visibility and stopping functions: the extreme case of trunk orbs
- 4.7 Correlations between spider size and orb design?
- 4.8 Spider positions, attack behavior, and up-down asymmetries in orbs
- 4.8.1 Orb design and attack speed
- 4.8.2 Spider orientation at the hub
- 4.8.3 Further factors influencing spider positions at the hub
- 4.8.4 Summary
- 4.9 Remaining puzzles
- 4.9.1 The puzzle of temporary spiral removal
- 4.9.2 The puzzle of hub removal and open hubs
- 4.9.3 The puzzle of the free zone
- 4.9.4 The puzzle of non-vertical orbs
- 4.9.5 The puzzle of provisional radii
- 4.9.6 The puzzle of open sectors for detritus stabilimenta
- 4.9.7 Exceptions to trends
- 4.10 Non-orb webs
- 4.11 Evolutionary responses by insects? A neglected aspect of prey capture
- 4.11.1 Avoiding or reducing contact with webs
- 4.11.2 Reducing retention time after having been stopped by a web
- 4.11.3 Reducing the probability of being attacked immediately
- 4.12 Summary (including part of chapter 3)
- Chapter 5. The building behavior of non-orb weavers
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Order of lines and other higher-level patterns
- 5.2.1 Modularity
- 5.2.2 Behavior deduced from patterns of lines
- 5.2.3 Other patterns
- 5.3 Lower-level patterns: leg movements and manipulation of lines
- 5.3.1 Walk upright on the substrate or a dense sheet
- 5.3.2 Walk under single lines
- 5.3.3 Hold the dragline while moving and while attaching it
- 5.3.4 Hold the line to which the dragline is being attached
- 5.3.5 Snub lines
- 5.3.6 Cutting and reconnecting lines
- 5.3.7 Finding lines and following behavior
- 5.3.8 Rubbing, brushing, lifting, and clapping movements of the spinnerets
- 5.3.9 Dabbing and sweeping with the entire abdomen
- 5.3.10 Other lower-level behavior patterns that are absent in orb weavers
- 5.4 Stereotyped behavior in non-orb construction
- 5.4.1 Building tunnels
- 5.5 Adjustments to substrate-imposed constraints
- 5.6 Managing swaths of fine lines
- 5.7 Summary
- 5.7.1 Higher levels of behavior
- 5.7.2 Lower levels of behavior
- Box 5.1 The funnel web diplurid Linothele macrothelifera
- Chapter 6. The building behavior of orb-weavers
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Simplifications for smoother reading
- 6.2.1 Species and topics
- 6.2.2 Levels of detail
- 6.3 Behavior of two araneids
- 6.3.1 Higher level organization: the stages of construction
- 6.3.2 Exploration and establishing early lines
- 6.3.2.1 Use previous lines or start from scratch?
- 6.3.2.2 Problems in starting from scratch
- 6.3.2.3 Basic operations during exploration
- 6.3.2.3.1 Gathering sensory information and laying the first lines
- 6.3.2.3.2 The end of exploration and the “hub transition”
- 6.3.3 Frames, secondary radii, and hub loops
- 6.3.3.1 The other “primary” frames
- 6.3.3.2 Secondary radii
- 6.3.3.3 Secondary frames
- 6.3.3.4 Hub loops
- 6.3.4 Temporary spiral and tertiary radii
- 6.3.5 Sticky spiral
- 6.3.5.1 Break temporary spiral lines
- 6.3.6 Modify the hub
- 6.3.7 Stabilimentum
- 6.3.8 Orb web repair
- 6.3.9 Web removal and recycling
- 6.4 Senility in orb construction: a new frontier?
- 6.5 Detailed movements
- 6.5.1 Patterns in variation: high diversity produces low diversity
- 6.5.2 Variation: a caution against stereotypy and typology
- 6.6 General patterns
- 6.6.1 Dexterity, the blind man’s cane, and following other legs
- 6.6.2 Patterns of tension changes during construction: a tendency to relax
- 6.6.3 Missing details
- 6.7 Summary
- Chapter 7. Cues directing web construction behavior
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.1.1. Building an orb in human terms
- 7.2 Classifying the cues
- 7.2.1 Stimuli from repeatedly sensed “reference points” vs. more nearly constant “general settings”
- 7.2.2 Other introductory notes
- 7.3 Cues for sticky spiral construction
- 7.3.1 Distinguishing sticky from non-sticky lines
- 7.3.2 Rapidly changing, repeatedly sensed reference point cues
- 7.3.2.1 Location of the inner loop
- 7.3.2.2 Distance from the outer loop of temporary spiral (“TSP distance”)
- 7.3.2.3 Memory of the TSP distance along the immediately preceding radius
- 7.3.2.4 Memory of less recent responses to changes in TSP distances
- 7.3.2.5 Distance between radii
- 7.3.2.6 Lack of influence of radius tension
- 7.3.2.7 Mistakes in discriminating sticky from non-sticky lines?
- 7.3.3 Intermediate, more slowly changing cues
- 7.3.3.1 Angle of the radius with gravity
- 7.3.3.2 Amount of silk available vs. web area
- 7.3.3.3 Distance from the hub (?)
- 7.3.4 More or less constant general settings
- 7.3.4.1 Length of the spider’s legs
- 7.3.4.2 Previous prey (escaped or captured)
- 7.3.4.2.1 General responses to prey
- 7.3.4.2.2 Prey-specific responses (?)
- 7.3.4.3 Presence of predators (?)
- 7.3.4.4 Wind
- 7.3.4.5 Time of day
- 7.3.4.6 Season of the year and light rain
- 7.3.4.7 Temperature
- 7.3.4.8 Humidity
- 7.3.5 Additional decisions by spiders building sticky spirals and cues triggering them
- 7.3.5.1 Turn back
- 7.3.5.2 Attach to each radius
- 7.3.5.3 Number of attachments
- 7.3.5.4 Break temporary spiral
- 7.3.5.5 Terminate
- 7.3.6 First loop of sticky spiral: a special case
- 7.3.7 Interactions among cues
- 7.4 Temporary spiral
- 7.4.1 Distances traveled and path integration
- 7.4.2 Gravity
- 7.4.3 Distance from the hub
- 7.4.4 Lack of effect of radius tension
- 7.4.5 Additional possible cues
- 7.5 Hub
- 7.5.1 Spaces between hub spiral loops
- 7.5.2 Termination of the hub spiral
- 7.6 Stabilimentum construction
- 7.6.1 Build a stabilimentum or not?
- 7.6.2 Where to place the stabilimentum?
- 7.6.3 Which stabilimentum design?
- 7.7 Radii, frames, and anchor lines
- 7.7.1 Secondary radii
- 7.7.1.1 Choosing an “open” sector
- 7.7.1.1.1 Radius length
- 7.7.1.1.2 False starts
- 7.7.1.2 Choosing an exit radius
- 7.7.1.3 Choosing a final angle: how far to move along the frame
- 7.7.1.1 Choosing an “open” sector
- 7.7.2 Secondary frame construction
- 7.7.1 Secondary radii
- 7.8 Early radii, and frames and anchor lines: determining web size, shape, and design
- 7.8.1 Position of the hub
- 7.8.2 Size and shape of the space in which to build
- 7.8.2.1 The decisions the spider makes
- 7.8.2.2 The cues used in decisions
- 7.8.3 Spider size and weight
- 7.8.4 Silk available in the glands
- 7.9 To build or not to build: triggering orb construction and destruction
- 7.10 Cues that trigger transitions between stages of orb construction
- 7.11 Other stimuli that spiders can sense but that are not (yet) known to guide orb construction
- 7.11.1 Tensions
- 7.11.2 Handedness?
- 7.12 Hints of abilities: follow circular paths and sense radius lengths
- 7.13 Effects of psychotropic drugs on orb construction
- 7.14 Coordinating different adjustments to different cues
- 7.15 The (limited) role of simulations in understanding orb construction behavior
- 7.16 A missing link: translating cues into attachment sites
- 7.17 Summarizing the behavioral challenges met by orb weavers
- 7.17.1 Mechanical agility and precision
- 7.17.2 Analytical abilities: multiple cues and decisions
- 7.17.3 Sustained attention—where orb weavers truly shine
- 7.18 Independence (?) of the spider’s responses
- 7.19 Changes in responses to cues: learning and maturation
- 7.20 Cues guiding the construction of non-orbs
- 7.20.1 Path integration
- 7.20.2 Smooth substrates for gumfoot lines
- 7.20.3 Rigidity of supports
- 7.20.4 Locations of supporting objects
- 7.20.5 Radial symmetry
- 7.20.6 Differences in tensions
- 7.20.7 Temperature
- 7.20.8 Apparent sensory movements of legs
- 7.20.9 Reserves from previous feeding
- 7.20.10 Conspecifics (gregarious and social species) and possible constraints imposed by orbs on sociality
- 7.20.11 Web repair
- 7.21 Summary
- 7.21.1 Surprising patterns in orb construction, especially sticky spiral construction
- 7.21.2 Other stages of construction
- 7.21.3 Non-orb webs
- 7.1 Introduction
- Chapter 8. Web ecology and website selection
- 8.1 Introduction: what is and is not included
- 8.2 Webs and ecological foraging theories
- 8.3 What is enough? “Fast lane” and “slow lane” spiders
- 8.4 Processes that produce habitat biases
- 8.4.1 Searching with lines floated on the breeze
- 8.4.2 Sensory biases: “satisficing” and special problems for aerial webs
- 8.4.3 Biases in choosing websites
- 8.4.3.1 Philopatry—remain near the natal web
- 8.4.3.2 Disperse and then settle selectively—possible cues
- 8.4.3.2.1 Problems quantifying websites in the field
- 8.4.3.2.1.1 Website choice in simple field situations
- 8.4.3.2.1.2 Experimental evidence
- 8.4.3.2.2 Rigidity, spacing, and surface characteristics of supports
- 8.4.3.2.3 Temperature
- 8.4.3.2.4 Egg sacs and retreats
- 8.4.3.2.5 Light—artificial and otherwise
- 8.4.3.2.6 The presence of prey
- 8.4.3.2.7 Preexisting webs
- 8.4.3.2.8 Isolation
- 8.4.3.2.9 The presence of predators
- 8.4.3.2.10 Humidity
- 8.4.3.2.11 Plant species
- 8.4.3.2.12 Wind and other factors that may bias insect movements
- 8.4.3.2.13 Height above the ground
- 8.4.3.2.14 Food quality and satiation
- 8.4.3.2.15 Season of the year
- 8.4.3.2.16 Possibility of damage (?)
- 8.4.3.2.17 Ant nests
- 8.4.3.2.1 Problems quantifying websites in the field
- 8.5 A general correlation between website selectivity and web design flexibility?
- 8.5.1 Post-building selectivity and cues
- 8.5.1.1 Prey capture success
- 8.5.1.2 Learning how to adjust
- 8.5.1.3 Web damage
- 8.5.1.4 Material fatigue in silk lines?
- 8.5.1.5 Kleptoparasites
- 8.5.1.6 “Pilot” webs—a risk-minimizing tactic
- 8.6 Website tenacity, web durability, and recycling
- 8.7 Web durability
- 8.8 Limited by websites? Possible competition for prey and websites
- 8.8.1 Inter-specific competition
- 8.8.2 Intra-specific competition
- 8.9 Problems in attempts to study cues that guide website choices
- 8.9.1 Experimental tests need controls: how to count unoccupied sites?
- 8.9.2 Measuring habitat richness: sticky traps do NOT mimic spider webs
- 8.10 Time of day: day webs vs. night webs
- 8.10.1 Multiple orbs in a single day
- 8.11 Summary
- Chapter 9. Evolutionary patterns: an ancient success that produced high diversity and rampant convergence
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Patterns in the diversity of webs
- 9.2.1 High diversity
- 9.2.2 Frequent convergence
- 9.2.3 Abundant intermediate forms and a summary
- 9.2.4 Intra-specific alternative web designs
- 9.2.5 Behavioral bricks and buildings
- 9.2.6 Adaptive chemical diversity of silk
- 9.2.7 Differences between conspecifics: are there “individual styles” of web design?
- 9.3 Consequences of the failure of the prey specialist hypothesis for understanding diversity and convergence
- 9.4 What is a sheet web? Problems inherited from previous imprecision
- 9.5 Mygalomorphs: similar patterns of diversity and rampant convergence in a different world
- 9.6 Diversity of relations with insects
- 9.7 Lack of miniaturization effects
- 9.8 Paths not followed: alternative web forms in other animals
- 9.9 Summary and a new synthesis
- Box 9.1 The most spectacular convergence of all: Fecenia
- Box 9.2 The most spectacular divergence of all: Theridiidae
- Box 9.3 Sand castles: extreme modifications of Seothyra henscheli webs to shifting sand
- Box 9.4 Relation between web design and silk properties: stiff silk in Uroctea durandi
- Chapter 10. Ontogeny, modularity, and the evolution of web building
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Web ontogeny and evolution
- 10.2.1 Limits of interpretations
- 10.2.2 A new hypothesis for ontogenic changes: consistent selection associated with smaller size
- 10.3 Early web evolution
- 10.3.1 Burrow entrances vs. egg sacs
- 10.3.2 Interception function for earliest webs
- 10.3.3 Retention function in early webs
- 10.3.4 Webs without retreats in the substrate
- 10.3.4.1 Independence from the substrate is not a qualitative trait
- 10.3.5 Sheets with sticky lines and tangles
- 10.3.6 Early-branching araneomorph lineages with derived webs
- 10.3.7 Spider webs and insect flight
- 10.3.8 Summary
- 10.4 The behavior patterns used to build early webs
- 10.4.1 Male sperm webs, burrow closures, and the origin of prey capture webs
- 10.4.2 Moving upside down below silk lines
- 10.4.3 Using legs to manipulate lines
- 10.4.4 Managing swaths of fine lines
- 10.4.5 Diplurid behavior: a possible guide to ancestral traits
- 10.5 Evolution of later non-orb webs
- 10.5.1 Consequences of cribellum silk loss in labidognaths
- 10.5.2 Problems categorizing web types in evolution
- 10.5.3. Problems with key innovation arguments in general
- 10.5.4 Silk glands and other morphological traits
- 10.5.5 Visibility of silk to prey
- 10.5.6 Web evolution in two small groups
- 10.5.6.1 Filistatid webs
- 10.5.6.2 Interception vs. retention in oecobiid webs
- 10.6 Inconsistent evolutionary trends in non-orb webs
- 10.7 Diversity in non-orbs that results from behavioral stability
- 10.8 The (probably) monophyletic origin of orb webs
- 10.8.1 Evolutionary origins when behavior is modular
- 10.8.2 Morphology, molecules, and behavior
- 10.8.3 Fossils and possible precursor webs
- 10.8.4 Speculations on the origins and consequences of cut and reel behavior (and the possible role of males)
- 10.8.5 Derivation of ecribellate sticky lines from cribellate sticky lines
- 10.8.6 Summary regarding orb monophyly
- 10.9 Evolutionary changes in orb designs
- 10.9.1. Horizontal vs. vertical and nearly vertical orbs
- 10.9.2 Small derived lineages: ladder and trunk webs
- 10.9.3 Derivation of deinopid webs
- 10.9.4 Theridiosomatids and their allies
- 10.9.5 The reduced webs of Hyptiotes and Miagrammopes
- 10.9.6 “Twig orbs”: an object projects through the hub
- 10.10 “Post-orb” web evolution in Orbiculariae
- 10.10.1 Possible derivation of other web types from orbs
- 10.10.1.1 Gumfoot webs
- 10.10.1.2 Other web types
- 10.10.2 Webs combined with prey attractants
- 10.10.1 Possible derivation of other web types from orbs
- 10.11 Coevolution between attack behavior and web design (and its lack)
- 10.12 What didn’t happen, possible synapomorphies, and further puzzles
- 10.13 Modularity and adaptive flexibility
- 10.13.1 Modularity is a central pattern in web construction
- 10.13.1.1 Direct observations of behavior
- 10.13.1.2 Finished structures
- 10.13.1.3 Ontogenetic and experimentally induced changes
- 10.13.1.4 Summary
- 10.13.1 Modularity is a central pattern in web construction
- 10.14 Modules and evolutionary transitions in web-building behavior
- 10.14.1 Use of web construction behavior in taxonomy
- 10.14.1.1 Historical successes and failures
- 10.14.1.2 Implications of modularity for orb monophyly
- 10.14.1 Use of web construction behavior in taxonomy
- 10.15 Summary
- References
- Index
Usage statistics
pdf/2657487.pdf
|
Access count: 0
Last 30 days: 0 Detailed usage statistics |
epub/2657487.epub
|
Access count: 0
Last 30 days: 0 Detailed usage statistics |