Details

Covering all insect pests of plants, humans and livestock, this book provides a comprehensive reference text to ecological and economic entomology. Taking a global approach, it considers climate and plant community distributions. It is recommended for entomologists working in agricultural, medical and veterinary professions as well as academia.

• Cover
• Ecological and Economic Entomology: A Global Synthesis
• Copyright
• Contents
• 1 General Introduction
  • 1.1 The Importance of Insects
  • 1.2 Insect Size
  • 1.3 Insect Taxonomy in Relation to Physiology and Ecology
  • 1.4 Learning Insect Classification
    • 1.4.1 Adult insects
    • 1.4.2 Eggs and juvenile insects
    • 1.4.3 Phenotypic plasticity and polymorphism
    • 1.4.4 Some further notes on insect classification
  • 1.5 The Function of Insect Stages
  • 1.6 Insects as Vectors and Pollinators
  • 1.7 A Note for Students of Pest Insects
• 2 An Introduction to Plant Pests
  • 2.1 Classifying the Material
  • 2.2 Physical Drivers and the Global Distribution of Plant Associations
    • 2.2.1 General introduction
    • 2.2.2 Physical determinants of vegetational distribution
      • 2.2.2.1 The global picture
      • 2.2.2.2 Some local, mainly constant, effects
    • 2.2.3 The plant associations
      • 2.2.3.1 General introduction
      • 2.2.3.2 Plant associations from the tropics to the tundra
  • 2.3 Classifying Plant Pests
    • 2.3.1 General introduction
    • 2.3.2 An ecological classification of plant pests
      • 2.3.2.1 Pests of roots, tubers and sown seed
      • 2.3.2.2 Pests of stems
      • 2.3.2.3 Pests of leaves
      • 2.3.2.4 Pests of flowers, fruits and stored products
  • 2.4 Herbivorous Insects and Plant Defences: An Introduction
    • 2.4.1 Insect groups and the plants they eat: Co-evolution or not?
    • 2.4.2 Physical and chemical defences
  • 2.5 Some Final Points
• 3 The Pests of Roots, Tubers and Sown Seed
  • 3.1 General Introduction
  • 3.2 Biting Pests
    • 3.2.1 Generalized or polyphagous feeders
      • 3.2.1.1 Exopterygota
      • 3.2.1.2 Endopterygota
    • 3.2.2 Specialized or oligophagous feeders
  • 3.3 Sucking Pests
    • 3.3.1 General introduction
    • 3.3.2 AUCHENORRHYNCHA; Cercopidae, Cicadidae
    • 3.3.3 STERNORRHYNCHA; Aphidoidea; Aphididae
• 4 The Pests of Plant Stems
  • 4.1 General Introduction
  • 4.2 Biting Pests of Woody Stems
    • 4.2.1.1 Exopterygota
    • 4.2.1.2 Endopterygota
  • 4.3 Sucking Pests of Woody Stems
  • 4.4 Biting Pests of Soft and Cereal Stems
  • 4.5 Sucking Pests of Soft and Cereal Stems
• 5 The Pests of Leaves
  • 5.1 General Introduction
  • 5.2 Biting Pests
    • 5.2.1 Munchers
      • 5.2.1.1 Exopterygota: Generalist feeders
      • 5.2.1.2 Endopterygota: Monophagous, oligophagous and polyphagous feeders (Section 2.4.1)
      • 5.2.1.3
    • 5.2.2 Miners
  • 5.3 Sucking Pests
    • 5.3.1 General introduction
      • 5.3.1.2 Homopteroids
• 6 The Insect Pests of Flowers and Fruits
  • 6.1 General Introduction
  • 6.2 Pests of Flowers
    • 6.2.1 Biting pests
      • 6.2.1.1 Exopterygota
      • 6.2.1.2 Endopterygota
    • 6.2.2 Sucking pests
  • 6.3 Pests of Fruits and Seeds
    • 6.3.1 Biting pests
      • 6.3.1.1 Field and orchard pests
      • 6.3.1.2 Pests, mainly beetles, of grain, flour, dried fruit and other stored products
    • 6.3.2 Sucking pests
• 7 Medical and Veterinary Pests
  • 7.1 General Introduction
    • 7.1.1 A classification of insect pests of people and domesticated animals
      • 7.1.1.1 Ectoparasites
      • 7.1.1.2 Micropredators
      • 7.1.1.3 Flies causing myiasis
      • 7.1.1.4. Some additional points
  • 7.2 Ectoparasites
    • 7.2.1 Exopterygota
    • 7.2.2 Endopterygota
  • 7.3 Micropredators
    • 7.3.1 Exopterygota: Hemipteran micropredators
    • 7.3.2 Endopterygota
      • 7.3.2.1 General introduction
      • 7.3.2.2 Diptera: General
      • 7.3.2.3 Dipteran mouthparts
      • 7.3.2.4 Dipteran micropredators
  • 7.4 Myiasis
    • 7.4.1 Obligate myiasis
    • 7.4.2 Facultative myiasis
• 8 Beneficial Insects
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Insects in Ecological Processes
    • 8.2.1 Pollinators and protectors: Trends in co-evolution?
      • 8.2.1.1 Pollinators
      • 8.2.1.2 Seed dispersal and protection
    • 8.2.2 Entomophagous insects
      • 8.2.2.1 General introduction
      • 8.2.2.2 Predators
      • 8.2.2.3 Exopterygote predators
      • 8.2.2.4 Endopterygote predators
      • 8.2.2.5 Parasitoids
      • 8.2.2.6 Non-insect predators of insects
    • 8.2.3 Insects in the control of weeds
    • 8.2.4 Insects as decomposers and soil formers
  • 8.3 Insects (Excluding Harmful Ones) and People
    • 8.3.1 Forensic entomology
    • 8.3.2 Insect products
    • 8.3.3 Insects as human food
    • 8.3.4 Insects in science and medicine
    • 8.3.5 Aesthetic value
• 9 The Principles of Insect Autecology 1: Some Key Concepts
  • 9.1 The Types of Ecology, Life-History Strategy and Genetic Influences
  • 9.2 What are the Questions in Autecology?
  • 9.3 Abundance, Numbers, Population Density and the Number/Density Anomaly
  • 9.4 The Species-Abundance Distribution (SAD)
  • 9.5 The Patch, Habitat, Population and Redistribution
  • 9.6 The Population and the Individual
  • 9.7 Den Boer’s Concept of Risk Spreading
  • 9.8 Resources and Mates in Relation to Competition
  • 9.9 Refuges and Danger Zones (Malentities, Hazards)
  • 9.10 Species and Speciation in Relation to Autecology
• 10 The Principles of Insect Autecology 2: Innate Attributes and Environmental Factors
  • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.1.1 Environmental factors: Physical
    • 10.1.2 Environmental factors: Biotic
  • 10.2 A Survey of the Interactions
    • 10.2.1 General introduction
    • 10.2.2 Development and growth
      • 10.2.2.1 General introduction
      • 10.2.2.2 Growth: Physical factors: Temperature and insolation
      • 10.2.2.3 Growth: Physical factors: Precipitation and moisture
      • 10.2.2.4 Growth: Biotic factors: Conspecific organisms and population density
      • 10.2.2.5 Growth: Biotic factors: Food
      • 10.2.2.6 Growth: Biotic factors: Other organisms: Symbionts
    • 10.2.3 Survival and diapause
      • 10.2.3.1 General introduction
      • 10.2.3.2 Survival: Physical factors: General
      • 10.2.3.3 survival: Physical factors: Temperature
      • 10.2.3.4 survival: Physical factors: Precipitation and moisture
      • 10.2.3.5 Survival: Physical factors: Light
      • 10.2.3.6 Survival: Physical factors: Mechanical factors
      • 10.2.3.7 Survival: Biotic factors: population density
      • 10.2.3.8 Survival: Biotic factors: Food
      • 10.2.3.9 Survival: Biotic factors: Enemies
      • 10.2.3.10 Survival: Biotic factors: Other organisms: Interspecific competition and predation
    • 10.2.4 Movement: Redistribution, resource seeking and escape
      • 10.2.4.1 General introduction
      • 10.2.4.2 Movement: Physical factors: Temperature and insolation
      • 10.2.4.3 Movement: Physical factors: Precipitation and moisture
      • 10.2.4.4 Movement: Physical factors: Light and colour
      • 10.2.4.5 Movement: Physical factors: Mechanical factors
      • 10.2.4.6 Movement: Biotic factors: Population density
      • 10.2.4.7 Movement: Biotic factors: Food
      • 10.2.4.8 Movement: Biotic factors: Enemies
    • 10.2.5 Reproduction, particularly fertility and fecundity
      • 10.2.5.1 General introduction
      • 10.2.5.2 Reproduction: Biotic factors: Food
      • 10.2.5.3 Reproduction: Physical factors: Temperature and insolation
      • 10.2.5.4 Reproduction: Physical factors: Precipitation and moisture
      • 10.2.5.5 Reproduction: Physical factors: Light
      • 10.2.5.6 Reproduction: Biotic factors: Conspecific organisms and population density
      • 10.2.5.7 Reproduction: Biotic factors: Other organisms: Enemies
      • 10.2.5.8 A summary of density effects
  • 10.3 Conclusions
• 11 The Dynamics of Insect Numbers 1: History, Classical Theories, Time Series, Life Tables, Models
  • 11.1 A Brief History of Population Dynamics and Evolution
    • 11.1.1 General introduction
    • 11.1.2 Historical perspective
  • 11.2 Classical Theories of the Control of Animal Numbers
    • 11.2.1 General introduction
    • 11.2.2 Extrinsic theories
      • 11.2.2.1 W.R. Thompson ( 1929, 1939, 1956)
      • 11.2.2.2 A.J. Nicholson ( 1933, 1954, 1958, 1959), A.J. Nicholson and V.A. Bailey (1935)
      • 11.2.2.3 H.G. Andrewartha and L.C. Birch (1954, 1984), Andrewartha ( 1970)
      • 11.2.2.4 A. Milne (1957a and b, 1961, 1962)
      • 11.2.2.5 T.R.E. Southwood and H.N. Comins (1976), Southwood ( 1977, 1988)
    • 11.2.3 Intrinsic theories 1: Basic effects of individual variation
      • 11.2.3.1 Intrinsic theories 2: Further effects of individual variation
  • 11.3 Empirical Time-Series Data
    • 11.3.1 The numbers of lepidoptera
    • 11.3.2 Mainly the numbers of other insects
  • 11.4 Life Tables: Value, Construction, Analyses and Limitations
    • 11.4.1 General
    • 11.4.2 Construction
    • 11.4.3 Analysis
    • 11.4.4 Results: What do life tables tell us about population dynamics?
      • 11.4.4.1 General introduction
      • 11.4.4.2 Temporal and spatial density dependence in empirical data
      • 11.4.4.3 Metapopulations and cyclic budgets
  • 11.5 Mathematical Models of Population Processes
    • 11.5.1 General introduction
    • 11.5.2 Time-series models: Aspatial effects
      • 11.5.2.1 Single species: Population growth (including intraspecific competition)
      • 11.5.2.2 Two species: Interspecific competition (Sections 9.8 and 10.2.3.10)
      • 11.5.2.3 Two species: Predation models
    • 11.5.3 Models including space: Populations in patches
• 12 The Dynamics of Insect Numbers 2: Pattern and Process
  • 12.1 General Introduction
  • 12.2 Pattern: The Levels of Environmental Space
    • 12.2.1 General introduction
    • 12.2.2 Habitat structure
    • 12.2.3 Patches in time and how they vary
      • 12.2.3.1 Type one : Persistent patches
      • 12.2.3.2 Type two: Ephemeral patches
      • 12.2.3.3 Type three: Patches that vary in size
      • 12.2.3.4 Type four: Heterogeneous patches
    • 12.2.4 Patches in space
      • 12.2.4.1 Patches and habitats
      • 12.2.4.2 Multiple types of patch in the same habitat
      • 12.2.4.3 The ‘same’ patch considered in different habitats
    • 12.2.5 Multiple habitats, single and multiple patches
    • 12.2.6 The persistence of habitats
  • 12.3 Process: The Dynamics of Insect Numbers
    • 12.3.1 General introduction
    • 12.3.2 Population units: Insect numbers within patches
      • 12.3.2.1 General introduction
      • 12.3.2.2 Positive processes
      • 12.3.2.3 Negative factors
    • 12.3.3 Populations: Insect numbers within habitats
      • 12.3.3.1 General introduction
      • 12.3.3.2 Populations and boundedness
    • 12.3.4 Insect numbers: Global dynamics
      • 12.3.4.1 General introduction
      • 12.3.4.2 Range limitation and the population edge
      • 12.3.4.3 The population edge and a warming climate
      • 12.3.4.4 Dynamics away from the edge: The big picture
  • 12.4 Evolutionary Themes in Insect Population Dynamics
  • 12.5 Population Dynamics and Integrated Pest Management
• 13 Applied Ecology and Methods of Control
  • 13.1 The General Ecology of Pest Insects
    • 13.1.1 General introduction
    • 13.1.2 Four ecological topics relating directly to pest control
      • 13.1.2.1 Population structure: Univoltinism, multivoltinism and risk spreading
      • 13.1.2.2 Reservoir populations, redistribution and their effects on control methods
      • 13.1.2.3 Commonness, rarity and pest status
      • 13.1.2.4 Climatic change and the status of pests
    • 13.1.3 A brief history of insect control: Arsenic to integrated pest management
  • 13.2 Methods of Pest Control
    • 13.2.1 General: The individual and the environment
    • 13.2.2 Individual methods
      • 13.2.2.1 Sterile male technique
      • 13.2.2.2 Employing selfish genetic elements
    • 13.2.3 Environmental methods: Chemical and physical
      • 13.2.3.1 General introduction
      • 13.2.3.2 Organic pesticides in the arsenal
      • 13.2.3.3 Formulation and application: How to deliver
      • 13.2.3.4 Insect resistance to insecticides
      • 13.2.3.5 Largely physical and mechanical methods
    • 13.2.4 Environmental methods: Biological
      • 13.2.4.1 General introduction
      • 13.2.4.2 Bottom-up: Resistant crop varieties, including those produced by genetic engineering
      • 13.2.4.3 Bottom-up: Resistance in man and livestock
      • 13.2.4.4 Bottom-up: Alternative food, trap crops and intercropping
      • 13.2.4.5 Top-down: Microbial agents
      • 13.2.4.6 Top-down: Classical biological control
      • 13.2.4.7 Top-down: Augmentation of natural enemies and CBC
  • 13.3 Integrated Pest Management
    • 13.3.1 General introduction
    • 13.3.2 IPM in field ecosystems
      • 13.3.2.1 General introduction
      • 13.3.2.2 The agricultural scale: Wheat and rice: Commonalities and contrasts
      • 13.3.2.3 The agricultural scale: Cotton
      • 13.3.2.4 The horticultural scale: Brassicas
    • 13.3.3 IPM in orchard ecosystems
      • 13.3.3.1 General introduction
      • 13.3.3.2 Apples
    • 13.3.4 IPM in forest ecosystems
      • 13.3.4.1 General introduction
      • 13.3.4.2 North American conifers
    • 13.3.5 Difficulties with IPM and the potential for its improvement
  • 13.4 Medical and Veterinary Entomology
    • 13.4.1 Medical entomology
    • 13.4.2 Veterinary entomology
  • 13.5 The Economics of Pest Control
    • 13.5.1 Tropical situations
    • 13.5.2 Temperate situations
• Glossary
• References
• Index
• Back Cover