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Title	Nematodes as model organisms
Other creators	Glazer Itamar ; Shapiro-Ilan David I., ; Sternberg Paul W.,
Collection	Электронные книги зарубежных издательств ; Общая коллекция
Subjects	Nematodes. ; Biological models. ; Nématodes. ; Modèles biologiques. ; Biological models ; Nematodes ; EBSCO eBooks
Document type	Other
File type	PDF
Language	English
Rights	Доступ по паролю из сети Интернет (чтение, печать, копирование)
Record key	on1287744930
Record create date	12/2/2021

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"Nematodes, especially Caenorhabditis elegans have been used as a model for research in molecular biology since the 1960's. This is a much-needed update on research on fundamental processes in areas such as genetics, developmental biology, nutrition, toxicology, ecology, pharmacology and medicine"--.

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Nematodes as Model Organisms
Copyright
Contents
1 The Genus Pristionchus: a Model for Phenotypic Plasticity, Predatory Behavior, Self-Recognition and Other Complex Traits
- Introduction
- Evo-devo Beginnings and Developmental Systems Drift
- Rapid Genome Evolution and Taxonomically Restricted Genes
- The Phylogeny of the Genus Pristionchus
- The Life History and Ecology of P. pacificus
- Developmental Plasticity and Predatory Feeding
  - Mouth-form plasticity in P. pacificus
  - Genetic basis and environmental influence
  - eud-1 and the gene regulatory network
  - Mouth-form plasticity and evolutionary novelty
  - Convergent evolution of predation in nematodes and organismal consequences
- From Behavior to Neuroscience
  - Predatory behaviors
  - Environmental sensing and its associated behaviors
- Self-recognition and Cannibalism
- Complex Small Molecule Chemistry
- Conclusions and Outlook
- References
2 Aging
- Introduction
- Advantages of Worms for Aging Studies
- Aging and Lifespan
- Healthspan
- History of C. elegans for Aging Research
- The Insulin/IGF-1 Signaling Pathway
- Dauer Formation and Longevity
- Why IIS?
- Tissues Changing with Age
- Caloric Restriction (CR)
- Additional Inputs to the IIS
  - C. elegans SIRT1/sir-2.1
  - Adenosine 5’monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)
- Target of Rapamycin (TOR)
- Cellular Processes That Modulate Longevity
  - Autophagy
  - Protein translation
  - Mitophagy
- Reproductive System
- Summary/Future Studies
- Acknowledgements
- References
3 Entomopathogenic Nematodes as a Model for Probing the Insect Immune System
- Introduction
- Entomopathogenic Nematode Life Cycle
  - Mutualism regulators
- Insect Innate Immune Signaling and Function
  - Insect humoral immunity
    - Imd and Toll pathways
    - Other immune pathways
    - Insect cellular immunity
    - Coagulation
- Nematode Immunomodulatory Strategies
  - Nematode immunomodulation in insects
- Insect Immune Response to Entomopathogenic Nematodes
- Conclusions and Perspectives
- References
4 The Use of the Root-knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., for Studying Biotrophic Parasitic Interactions
- Introduction: Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne spp., a Global Pest
- Giant Cells, the Unique Feeding Structures of the Root-knot Nematodes
- The Emergence of Plant Parasitism in Nematodes
- Suppression, Manipulation and Induction of Host Defenses
  - Nematode NAMPS induce PTI in host plants
  - RKN effectors involvement in suppressing plant immunity system
- Peptides Mimicking Plant Hormones – a Special Class of Effector
  - CLE-like peptide
  - C-terminally encoded peptides
  - IDA-like peptides
- The Trend Toward Genome Reduction in Plant Parasites
- Horizontal Acquisition of Parasitism Genes
- The Repertoire of Plant Cell Wall- degrading Enzymes in Root-knot Nematode Genomes
- References
5 Nematodes as Models for Symbiosis
- Introduction to Symbiosis
- Diverse Nematode Models of Symbiosis
- Entomopathogenic Nematodes: a Versatile Platform for Symbiosis Research
  - Discovery of entomopathogenic nematodes
  - Advancement of EPNs as a model for host–microbe interaction
  - EPNs as a model for host–microbe interaction
    - Bacterial surface proteins mediating host interactions
    - Nutrition and secondary metabolism
  - EPN–symbiont pairs as models of symbiont specificity and host switching
  - Role of non-obligate symbionts in EPN life cycles
  - Advantages of EPNs as a model system for symbiosis research
  - Nematode–microbiome models of insect and gastropod pathogenesis
- C. elegans as a Model for Symbiosis
  - History of microbial community research in C. elegans
  - C. elegans as a model for host–microbe interaction
    - Characterization of native microbiome of Caenorhabditis
    - Tools for microbiome research
  - Responding to bacteria: C. elegans innate immunity
  - Advantages of C. elegans as a model system for symbiosis research
- Nematode Models of Intracellular Endosymbiosis
  - The intracellular endosymbionts of an insect-parasitic nematode
  - Filarial parasitic nematodes
    - Transmission mechanisms of Wolbachia in Brugia malayi
    - Brugia malayi and wBm Wolbachia genomes
    - Wolbachia endosymbionts as a therapeutic target
  - Advantages of filarial nematodes as a model system for symbiosis research
- Plant-parasitic Nematodes (PPNs)
  - Cardinium and Wolbachia endosymbionts of PPNs
  - Xiphinematobacter endosymbionts
  - Advantages of PPNs as a model system for symbiosis research
- Chemosynthetic Intracellular Endosymbionts and Ectosymbionts of Marine Nematodes
  - Marine nematodes with intracellular endosymbionts
  - Stilbonematine nematodes with ectosymbionts
  - The molecular and cellular basis of ectosymbiosis
  - Advantages and future directions of marine nematode–thiosymbiont interactions as a model system for symbiosis research
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
6 Nematode Pharmacology: Neurotransmitters, Receptors, and Experimental Approaches
- Introduction
- Main Pharmacological Models: Advantages and Limitations
- Overview of Neurotransmitter Receptor Systems and Intracellular Signaling Cascades
  - Acetylcholine (ACh)
  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin)
  - Dopamine (DA)
  - Tyramine (TYR)
  - Octopamine (OA)
  - Glutamate
  - GABA
  - Nitric oxide (NO)
  - Neuropeptides
- C. elegans and Drug Discovery
- Outlook
- References
7 Nematodes as Ecological and Environmental Indicators
- Introduction
- Toxicity Testing
  - Single-species toxicity testing
    - Chemical and material testing
    - Standardization
    - Testing of environmental samples
    - Eco(toxico)logical modeling
    - Toxicokinetic modeling
  - Multi-species toxicity testing (model ecosystems)
  - In situ bioindication
    - The NemaSPEAR[%]-index for freshwater systems
    - Trait-based indices for soil systems
- Nematodes in Ecological Metacommunity Models
  - Model of metacommunity structure
  - Models of biodiversity
- Conclusions
- References
8 Use in Soil Agro-Ecology
- Introduction: Soil as Live Resource
- Nematodes as Soil Organisms
- Evaluation of the Nematodes in the Soil for Ecological Studies
  - Isolation of nematodes
  - Method for identification and quantification: from visual to molecular approaches
  - Functional diversity and the employment of indexes for ecological approaches
- Examples of Use of Nematodes as Model System in Soil Ecology Approaches
  - Use of nematodes as model system in plant protection
  - Use of nematodes as model system in community changes due to disturbance
- Conclusions and Future Directions
- Acknowledgements
- References
9 Stress and Survival Mechanisms
- Introduction
- Nematode Life Cycle in Relation to Survival
- The Nematode Species Used for Survival Studies
- How Nematodes Encounter Extreme Conditions
  - Desiccation tolerance
  - Osmotic stress
  - Extreme temperatures
    - Cold tolerance
    - Heat tolerance
  - Oxidative stress
- Conclusions and Future Directions
- References
10 Molecular Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans
- Introduction
- Oxidative Stress-related Molecular Signals
  - Roles of mitochondrial complex signals
    - Complex I (NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase)
    - Complex II (succinate ubiquinone oxidoreductase)
    - Complex III
    - Complex IV
    - Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone, CoQ) synthesis
  - Roles of superoxide dismutases (SODs)
  - Roles of catalase (CTL-1-3) proteins
  - Roles of glutathione-requiring prostaglandin D synthases (GSTs)
- MAPK Signaling Pathways
  - p38 MAPK signaling pathway
    - Duox1/BLI-3
    - TIR-1 and VHP-1
    - MEK-1
    - Mitochondrial complex I
  - JNK signaling pathway
  - ERK signaling pathway
    - SOD-3
    - Antimicrobial proteins
    - MTL-1 and MTL-2
    - NATC-1
    - HSF-1
    - GPD-2
    - SMK-1
    - AAK-2
    - HCF-1
    - SIR-2.1/SIRT1
    - PRDX-2
- Insulin and the Related Signaling Pathways
- Development-related Signaling Pathways
  - Wnt signaling pathway
    - POP-1
    - DAF-16
    - UNC-62
    - EGL-5
    - PRX-5
  - TGF-β signaling pathway
    - DBL-1-mediated TGF-β signaling pathway
    - DAF-7-mediated TGF-β signaling pathway
  - Notch signaling pathway
  - Developmental timing control-related signals
    - HBL-1 and LIN-41
    - SDZ-24
- Cell Death and DNA Damage-related Signaling Pathways
  - Apoptosis signaling pathway
  - DNA damage signaling pathway
    - mir-360
    - ABL-1
    - NOL-6
- Metabolism-related Signaling Pathways
  - Functions of fat metabolic sensors
    - SBP-1
    - NHR-49
    - MDT-15
    - NHR-80
  - AMPK signaling pathway
  - ACC and FAS
  - FAT-6 and FAT-7
  - ELO proteins
  - Fatty acid transport protein ACS-22
- Protective Response-related Signaling Pathways
  - Antimicrobial proteins
  - Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mt UPR)
  - Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) UPR
    - HSP-4
    - ABU (activated in blocked UPR) proteins
    - p38 MAPK signaling cascade (PMK-1-SKN-1/ATF-7)
    - MDT-15 and SBP-1
    - CDC-48-RUVB-2 signaling cascade
    - CED-1
  - Autophagy
  - Mitophagy
- G-Protein Coupled Receptors and Ion Channels and Downstream Cytoplasmic Signals
  - GPCRs
    - Epidermal DCAR-1
    - Intestinal FSHR-1
    - Neuropeptide receptors
    - Neuronal SRH-220
  - Ion channels
    - Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels
    - Voltage-gated calcium ion channel UNC-2
    - Potassium ion channel KVS-1
    - Chloride intracellular channel EXL-1
  - ARR-1/arrestin
  - G proteins
    - Gqα signaling
    - Goα signaling
  - PLC-DAG-PKD signaling
    - PLC-PKD-TFEB signaling cascade
    - DKF-2
  - Ca2+ signaling
    - UNC-31
    - CRT-1
- Epigenetic Regulation of Toxicity of Environmental Toxicants or Stresses
  - Methylation regulation
    - Methylation of histone H3K4
    - Methylation of histone H3K9
    - Methylation of HIS-24K14
    - Methylated glycans
  - Histone acetylation regulation
    - MYST family histone acetyltransferase complex
    - N-terminal acetyltransferase C (NAT) complex
    - CBP-1
  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulation
  - LncRNAs regulation
  - Circular RNAs (circRNAs)
- Perspectives
- References
11 Nematode Use for Testing Theoretical Models of Behavioral Ecology
- Introduction: Models of Behavioral Ecology
- Resource Acquisition
  - Foraging
  - Recognition
  - Exploitation
  - Optimal strategies above and beyond resource acquisition: bet hedging and the preference–performance hypothesis
- Competition
- Communication and Dispersal
- Aging and Behavior
  - Aging of free-living nematodes
  - Impact of aging on mobility and locomotion
  - Aging of parasitic nematodes
  - Impact of aging on infectivity in parasitic nematodes
  - Strategies to delay the effects of aging
- Learning
- Conclusions
- References
12 Entomopathogenic Nematodes as Models for Inundative Biological Control
- Introduction
  - Basic biology and life cycle
  - Foraging behavior
  - Biocontrol production and application technology
  - Justification of EPNs as a model system for inundative biocontrol
- Factors Affecting Efficacy
  - Abiotic factors
  - Biotic factors
- Approaches to Improve Efficacy
  - Improving production technology
  - Improving formulation and application technology
- Biocontrol in Practice: Successes and Failures
- Conclusion
- References
13 Parasitic Nematodes: Model Systems for Studying Parasitism and Pathogenesis
- Introduction: Origin of Parasitism in Nematoda
  - Fossil records and phylogenetic hypotheses
  - Evolutionary trajectories of nematode parasites and bacteria symbioses
    - Animal and human parasites: filarial nematodes
    - Insect parasites: entomopathogenic nematodes
    - Plant parasites
- Parasitic Nematode Models
  - Animal and human parasites: filarial nematodes
    - Life cycle
    - Microfilariae–vector host interactions
    - Regulation of host’s immune response
    - Experimental models
  - Insect parasites: entomopathogenic nematodes
    - Life cycle
    - Role of the infective juvenile stage
    - Experimental models
  - Plant parasites
    - Life cycle
    - Experimental models
- Role of Symbionts in Disease Control
  - Filarial symbionts
  - Entomopathogenic nematode symbionts
  - Plant parasite symbionts
- Emerging Tools for the Study of Parasitism and Pathogenesis of Nematode–Bacteria Partnerships
- References
14 Genetic Improvement of Beneficial Organisms
- Introduction
- Approaches to Genetic Improvement
  - Discovery
  - Selection
  - Hybridization
  - Mutagenesis and genetic engineering approaches
- Case Studies: Improvement of Nematode Efficacy
- Case Study: Improvement of Survival and Persistence
- Trait Stability
- Future Prospects of Genetic Improvement in EPNs
- References
Index
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