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This book contains 20 chapters and is divided into 4 parts focusing on genetic resources and improvement, ecophysiology and production, pests and diseases and their management and harvesting, processing and utilization of sweet and sour cherries.
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Table of Contents
- Cherries: Botany, Production and Uses
- Copyright
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- 1: Cherry Production
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Global Sweet Cherry Production
- 1.3 Global Sour Cherry Production
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 2: Flowering, Fruit Set and Development
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Before Flowering
- 2.2.1 Flower bud differentiation
- Early flower differentiation
- Late flower bud development
- 2.2.2 Flower bud dormancy
- Stage of flower development at dormancy
- Physiology and genetics of flower bud dormancy
- 2.2.1 Flower bud differentiation
- 2.3 Flowering and Pollination
- 2.3.1 From pollination to fertilization
- Stigma and style
- Ovary
- 2.3.2 Pollen–pistil incompatibility
- S-genotyping and incompatibility groups in sweet cherry
- Self-compatibility in sweet cherry
- Self-(in)compatibility in sour cherry
- 2.3.1 From pollination to fertilization
- 2.4 From Flower to Fruit
- 2.4.1 Factors affecting fruit set
- During flower development
- At flowering
- 2.4.2 Fruit development
- Developmental events for fruit formation
- Genetic control of fruit development
- 2.4.1 Factors affecting fruit set
- 2.5 Perspectives
- References
- 3: Biodiversity, Germplasm Resources and Breeding Methods
- 3.1 Taxonomy of Cherry Species in the Scion and Rootstock Gene Pool
- 3.2 Origin and Domestication
- 3.3 Preservation of Germplasm Resources
- 3.4 Breeding Methods
- 3.4.1 Hybridization
- 3.4.2 Seed anatomy and seed extraction
- 3.4.3 Breaking seed dormancy
- 3.4.4 Germination of large quantities of seeds
- 3.4.5 Controlled germination of smaller quantities of seeds
- 3.4.6 Seed germination via embryo culture
- 3.4.7 Embryo rescue without germination: in vitro shoot culture and somatic embryogenesis
- 3.4.8 Planting in soil
- 3.4.9 Rapid cycling
- 3.4.10 Following field planting
- 3.5 DNA-informed Breeding
- 3.5.1 Quantitative trait loci
- 3.5.2 Diagnostic DNA tests
- S-(in)compatibility loci
- Fruit size
- Skin and flesh colour
- Cherry leaf spot resistance
- References
- 4: Sweet Cherry Varieties and Improvement
- 4.1 History of Improvement
- 4.2 Sweet Cherry Breeding
- 4.2.1 Objectives in sweet cherry breeding
- Tree and fruiting structure
- Flower characteristics
- Tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses
- Fruit quality
- Extension of harvest period
- Suitability for mechanical harvesting
- 4.2.2 Methods of sweet cherry breeding
- 4.2.1 Objectives in sweet cherry breeding
- 4.3 Sweet Cherry Breeding Programmes
- 4.3.1 Bulgaria
- Breeding institute (or company): Fruit Growing Institute (FGI)
- 4.3.2 Canada
- Breeding institute (or company): Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
- 4.3.3 Chile
- Breeding institute (or company): Politécnica Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV)
- Breeding institute (or company): INIA–Biofrutales
- Breeding institute (or company): Consorcio Tecnológico de la Fruta S.A. and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (‘PUC’)
- 4.3.4 China
- Breeding institute (or company): Institute of Pomology (IP), Dalian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (DAAS)
- Breeding institute (or company): Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
- Breeding institute (or company): Institute of Pomology and Forestry (IPF), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS)
- 4.3.5 Czech Republic
- Breeding institute (or company): Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd (RBIPH)
- 4.3.6 France
- Breeding institute (or company): Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – CEP Innovation
- 4.3.7 Germany
- Breeding institute (or company): Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops
- 4.3.8 Hungary
- Breeding institute (or company): NARIC Fruitculture Research Institute (FRI)
- 4.3.9 Italy
- Breeding institute: Bologna University, Department of Agricultural Sciences
- 4.3.10 Japan
- Breeding institute: Horticultural Experiment Station, Yamagata Integrated Agricultural Research Center
- 4.3.11 Romania
- Breeding institute (or company): Research Institute for Fruit Growing (RIFG)
- 4.3.12 Spain
- Breeding institute (or company): Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX-La Orden)
- Breeding institute: Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development (IMIDA)
- 4.3.13 Turkey
- Breeding institute (or company): Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute
- 4.3.14 UK
- Breeding institute (or company): East Malling Research (EMR)
- 4.3.15 Ukraine
- Breeding institute (or company): Institute of Horticulture of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (IH NAAS)
- 4.3.16 USA
- Breeding institute (or company): Washington State University (WSU)
- Breeding institute (or company): Cornell University
- 4.3.1 Bulgaria
- 4.4 Characteristics of Sweet Cherry Cultivars
- Sweet cherry cultivars with global importance
- ‘Ambrunés’
- ‘Bedel’ (Bellise™)
- ‘Belge’
- ‘Bing’
- ‘Black Star’
- ‘Boambe de Cotnari’
- ‘Brooks’
- ‘Burlat’
- ‘Büttners Späte Rote Knorpelkirsche’
- ‘Carmen’
- ‘Chelan’
- ‘Early Korvik’
- ‘Emperor Francis’ (syn. ‘Kaiser Franz (Josef)’)
- ‘Ferrovia’
- ‘Folfer’
- ‘Germersdorfer’
- ‘Giorgia’
- ‘Grace Star’
- ‘Hedelfinger’
- ‘Hongdeng’
- ‘Kordia’
- ‘Krupnoplidna’ (syn. ‘Krupnoplodnaja’)
- ‘Lambert’
- ‘Lapins’
- ‘Melitopolska Chorna’
- ‘Merchant’
- ‘Narana’
- ‘Napoleon’ (syn. ‘Royal Ann’)
- ‘Rainier’
- ‘Regina’
- ‘Rivedel’ (syn. ‘Early Lory’; Earlise™)
- ‘Rubin’
- ‘Sandra Rose’
- ‘Santina’
- ‘Satonishiki’
- ‘Schneiders Späte Knorpel’ (syn. ‘Kozerska’)
- ‘Skeena’
- ‘13S2009’ (Staccato™)
- ‘Stella’
- ‘Sumele’ (Satin™)
- ‘Summit’
- ‘Sumnue’ (Cristalina™)
- ‘Sumste’ (Samba™)
- ‘Sumtare’ (Sweetheart™)
- ‘Sunburst’
- ‘Sylvia’ (syn. ‘4 C-17-31’)
- ‘Techlovan’
- ‘PC 7144.6’ (Tieton™)
- ‘Van’
- ‘Vanda’
- ‘0900 Ziraat’
- 4.4.2
Sweet cherry cultivars with local importance and/or promising cultivars
- ‘Aiya’
- ‘Alex’
- ‘Andrei’
- ‘Areko’
- ‘Axel’
- ‘Benisayaka’
- ‘Benishuhou’
- ‘Benton’
- ‘Bryanskaya rozovaya’
- ‘Cambrina’
- ‘Cavalier’
- ‘Chunxiu’
- ‘Coral Champagne’
- ‘Danelia’
- ‘Doty’ (trademark: Early Robin™)
- ‘Early Red’ (syn. ‘Maraly’, Early Garnet™)
- ‘Ferdiva’
- ‘Ferdouce’
- ‘Fermina’
- ‘Fertard’
- ‘Fertille’
- ‘Frisco’
- ‘Gold’ (syn. ‘Dönissens Gelbe’, ‘Stark Gold’)
- ‘Iputj’
- ‘Jiahong’
- ‘Katalin’
- ‘Kossara’
- ‘Linda’
- ‘Longguan’
- ‘Ludovic’
- ‘Maria’
- ‘Namare’
- ‘Namati’
- ‘Naprumi’
- ‘Oktavia’
- ‘PA1UNIBO’ (Sweet Aryana™)
- ‘PA2UNIBO’ (Sweet Lorenz™)
- ‘PA3UNIBO’ (Sweet Gabriel™)
- ‘Paulus’
- ‘Penny’
- ‘Prime Giant’ (syn. ‘Giant Red’, ‘Mariant’; Giant Ruby™)’
- ‘Rita’
- ‘Rocket’
- ‘Rosie’
- ‘Royal Bailey’
- ‘Royal Dawn’
- ‘Royal Edie’
- ‘Royal Helen’
- ‘Royal Rainier’
- ‘Rozalina’
- ‘Sam’
- ‘Sándor’
- ‘Severin’
- ‘Simone’
- ‘SPC103’ (Sentennial™)
- ‘13S2101’ (Sovereign™)
- ‘SPC136’ (Suite Note™)
- ‘Starking Hardy Giant’
- ‘Stefania’
- ‘Sumgita’ (Canada Giant™)
- ‘Summer Sun’
- ‘Sumpaca’ (Celeste™)
- ‘Tulare’
- ‘Ulster’
- ‘Valerij Chkalov’
- ‘Vera’
- ‘Wanhongzhu’
- ‘Xiangquan 1’
- Acknowledgements
- Sweet cherry cultivars with global importance
- References
- 5: Sour Cherry Varieties and Improvement
- 5.1 History of Improvement
- 5.2 Sour Cherry Breeding
- 5.2.1 Objectives in sour cherry breeding
- Tree and fruiting structure
- Flower characteristics
- Tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress
- Fruit quality
- Extension of harvest period
- Suitability for mechanical harvesting
- 5.2.2 Methods of sour cherry breeding
- 5.2.1 Objectives in sour cherry breeding
- 5.3 Sour Cherry Breeding Programmes
- 5.3.1 Belarus
- 5.3.2 Canada
- 5.3.3 Denmark
- 5.3.4 Germany
- 5.3.5 Hungary
- 5.3.6 Poland
- 5.3.7 Romania
- 5.3.8 Russia
- 5.3.9 Serbia
- 5.3.10 Ukraine
- 5.3.11 USA
- 5.4 Characteristics of Sour Cherry Cultivars
- 5.4.1
Sour cherry cultivars with global importance
- ‘Érdi Bőtermő’ (syn. Danube™)
- ‘Fanal’ (syn. ‘Heimanns Konservenkirsche’, ‘Heimann 23’)
- ‘Kelleriis 16’ (syn. ‘Morellenfeuer’)
- ‘Montmorency’
- ‘Oblačinska’
- ‘Pándy’ (syn. ‘Köröser’, ‘Pándy Meggy’, ‘Szentesi Meggy’, ‘Köröser Weichsel’, ‘Kereska’, ‘Crişana’)
- ‘Schattenmorelle’ (syn. ‘Große Lange Lotkirsche’, ‘Łutówka’, ‘Łutovka’, ‘Griotte du Nord’, ‘Moreillska’, ‘Skyggemorel’)
- ‘Stevnsbaer’ (cultivars ‘Viki’, ‘Birgitte’)
- ‘Újfehértói Fürtös’ (syn. Balaton™, ‘Ungarische Traubige’)
- 5.4.2 New sour cherry cultivars and cultivars with local importance
- ‘Achat’
- ‘De Botoşani’
- ‘Bucovina’
- ‘Carmine Jewel’
- ‘Cigány‘(syn. ‘Cigány Meggy’, ‘Gipsy Cherry’, ‘Ziegeunerkirsche’), clonal selections ‘Cigány 7’, ‘Cigány 59’, ‘Cigány 404’
- ‘Coralin’
- ‘Crişana 2’
- ‘Csengődi’
- ‘Debreceni Bőtermő’
- ‘Kántorjánosi 3’
- ‘Kutahya’
- ‘Gerema’
- ‘Ilva’
- ‘Jachim’
- ‘Jade’
- ‘Latvijas Zemais’ (syn. ‘Lietuvas Zemais’, ‘Žagarvyšnė’, ‘Läti Madalkirss’)
- ‘Lyubskaya’
- ‘Marasca’
- ‘Mocăneşti 16’
- ‘Morina’
- ‘Nana’
- ‘Nefris’
- ‘Northstar’
- ‘Petri’
- ‘Rival’
- ‘Sabina’
- ‘Safir’
- ‘Sătmărean’
- ‘Spinell’
- ‘Stelar’
- ‘Šumadinka’
- ‘Tarina’
- ‘Tiki’
- ‘Timpurii de Osoi’
- ‘Vladimirskaya’
- ‘Zhivitsa’
- 5.4.1
Sour cherry cultivars with global importance
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 6: Rootstocks and Improvement
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Sweet and Sour Cherry Rootstock Breeding
- 6.2.1 Objectives in rootstock breeding
- Effect of rootstock on scion vigour and growth habit
- Effect of rootstocks on precocity, cropping and fruit quality of scion cultivars
- Graft compatibility
- Propagation opportunities and nursery value of rootstock plants
- Tolerance to environmental conditions (climate, soil) and nutrient and water supply
- Tolerance or resistance to pests and diseases
- 6.2.1 Objectives in rootstock breeding
- 6.3 Programmes of Rootstock Breeding and Major Breeding Achievements
- 6.3.1 Achievements of clonal rootstock selection and creation of their interspecific hybrids
- Other clonal rootstocks and interspecific hybrids
- 6.3.2 Achievements in seed tree selections
- 6.3.1 Achievements of clonal rootstock selection and creation of their interspecific hybrids
- 6.4 Characteristics of Sweet and Sour Cherry Rootstocks
- 6.4.1 Rootstocks of global importance
- ‘Colt’
- ‘F 12/1’
- ‘GiSelA 5’ (syn. ‘Gi 148/2’)
- ‘GiSelA 6’ (syn. ‘Gi 148/1’)
- ‘MaxMa 14’ (syn. ‘MxM 14’, ‘Brokforest’, ‘MaxMa Delbard 14’)
- P. avium seedling (syn. Mazzard)
- P. mahaleb seedling (syn. Mahaleb, Saint Lucie cherry)
- ‘Saint Lucie 64’ (syn. ‘SL 64’)
- 6.4.2 Rootstocks of local importance
- ‘Adara’
- ‘Camil’ (syn. ‘GM 79’)
- ‘Damil’ (syn. ‘GM 61/1’)
- ‘Edabriz’ (syn. ‘Tabel ® Edabriz’)
- ‘GiSelA 3’ (syn. ‘Gi 209/1’)
- ‘GiSelA 7’ (syn. ‘Gi 148/8’)
- ‘GiSelA 8’ (syn. ‘Gi 148/9’)
- ‘GiSelA 12’ (syn. ‘Gi 195/2’)
- ‘Krymsk 5’ (syn. ‘VSL-2’)
- ‘Krymsk 6’ (syn. ‘LC-52’)
- ‘MaxMa 2’ (syn. ‘MxM 2’) and ‘MaxMa 60’ (syn. ‘MxM 60’)
- ‘P-HL-A’ (syn. ‘PHL 84’)
- ‘PiKu 1’ (syn. ‘PiKu 4.20’)
- ‘Weiroot 10’ and ‘Weiroot 13’
- ‘Weiroot 53’
- ‘Weiroot 72’
- ‘Weiroot 720’
- ‘Weiroot 154’
- ‘Weiroot 158’
- 6.4.3 Dwarfing interstocks for sweet cherry
- 6.4.1 Rootstocks of global importance
- References
- 7: Rain-Induced Cracking of Sweet Cherries
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Types of Cracks
- 7.2.1 Cracks by size
- Microscopic cracks (microcracks)
- Macroscopic cracks (macrocracks)
- 7.2.2 Cracks by position
- 7.2.3 Mode of failure
- 7.2.1 Cracks by size
- 7.3 Quantifying Cracking
- 7.3.1 Quantifying cracking in the orchard
- Measuring cracking in the orchard after rainfall
- Inducing cracking under artificial rain
- 7.3.2 Laboratory-based assessments of cracking
- Cracking index (CI)
- Intrinsic cracking susceptibility
- 7.3.3 Opportunities and limitations of laboratory-based cracking assays
- 7.3.1 Quantifying cracking in the orchard
- 7.4 Factors Affecting Cracking
- 7.5 Cracking from a Mechanistic Perspective
- 7.5.1 Morphology and development of fruit skin
- Fruit skin and flesh
- Fruit growth, skin development and cuticle deposition
- 7.5.2 Mechanical properties of fruit skin and cuticle
- 7.5.3 Water potential, osmotic potential and turgor
- 7.5.4 Water transfer
- Vascular flow
- Transport across the fruit surface
- Pathways of transport
- 7.5.5 Whole-fruit water balance
- 7.5.1 Morphology and development of fruit skin
- 7.6 Prevention of Cracking
- 7.6.1 Rain shelters
- 7.6.2 Spray application of calcium salts
- 7.6.3 Use of other mineral salts
- 7.6.4 Other methods
- 7.7 Conclusions
- References
- 8: Climatic Limiting Factors: Temperature
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Temperature Control of Dormancy
- 8.2.1 Control of dormancy stages by temperature and photoperiod
- 8.2.2 Molecular control of dormancy and flowering
- 8.3 Cold Resistance and Spring Frost Damage
- 8.3.1 Molecular control of cold hardiness
- 8.3.2 Physiological effect of freezing temperatures on buds
- 8.3.3 Variations in cultivar resistance to frost damage
- 8.4 Effects of Warm Temperatures on Flower and Fruit Development
- 8.4.1 Formation of double pistils and double fruit
- 8.4.2 Variations in doublings among cultivars
- 8.5 Global Warming Consequences
- References
- 9: Environmental Limiting Factors for Cherry Production
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Abiotic Soil Factors Influencing Cherry Production
- 9.2.1 Soil organic matter
- 9.2.2 Soil pH
- 9.2.3 Soil salinity
- 9.2.4 Soil fertility
- Nitrogen (N)
- Phosphorus (P)
- Potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca)
- Micronutrients: boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)
- 9.2.5 Soil texture, porosity and water-holding capacity
- 9.3 Biotic Soil Factors Influencing Cherry Production
- 9.3.1 Replant disease complex and root- lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus penetrans)
- 9.3.2 Other nematodes
- Ring nematode (Mesocriconema xenoplax)
- Dagger nematodes (Xiphinema spp.)
- Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)
- 9.3.3 Crown gall
- 9.3.4 Rhizosphere symbionts
- 9.3.5 General soil health
- 9.4 Seasonal Nutrient Limitations
- 9.4.1 Nitrogen
- 9.4.2 Phosphorus
- 9.4.3 Potassium, calcium and magnesium
- 9.4.4 Micronutrients: boron, zinc, manganese, iron and copper
- 9.5 Specific Nutrient Management Strategies
- 9.5.1 Fertigation
- 9.5.2 Organic and integrated nutrient management
- 9.6 Seasonal Water Limitations
- 9.6.1 Water use
- 9.6.2 Excess water
- 9.6.3 Tree water status
- Water potential
- Hydraulic conductance and water storage
- Diagnosing water stress
- 9.6.4 Mitigation of water stress
- Conversion to efficient irrigation systems
- Irrigation scheduling
- Targeted water management (water conservation)
- 9.6.5 Rootstocks and cherry water relations
- 9.6.6 Summary
- 9.7 Future Challenges
- References
- 10: Site Preparation and Orchard Infrastructure
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Site Selection
- 10.2.1 Topography
- 10.2.2 Soil characteristics
- 10.2.3 Irrigation water quality
- 10.2.4 Site history
- 10.3 Site Preparation
- 10.3.1 Designing the orchard
- 10.3.2 Soil preparation, analysis and modification
- 10.3.3 Surveying and staking the plot
- 10.4 Pollenizers and Pollinators
- 10.4.1 Pollenizers
- 10.4.2 Pollinators
- 10.5 Tree Support
- 10.6 Drainage Systems
- 10.6.1 Land forming
- 10.6.2 Surface drainage
- 10.6.3 Subsurface drainage
- 10.7 Irrigation
- 10.7.1 Traditional irrigation techniques
- 10.7.2 Microirrigation
- 10.7.3 Chemigation
- Fertigation
- Herbigation
- 10.8 Mineral Fertility and Organic Matter
- 10.8.1 Preplant fertilization
- 10.8.2 pH correction
- 10.8.3 Soil OM
- 10.9 Weed Management and Cover Cropping
- References
- 11: Orchard Microclimate Modification
- 11.1 Microclimates in Cherry Productionand Climate Change
- 11.2 Microclimate Modification
- 11.2.1 Protection from low temperatures
- 11.2.2 Enhancement of growth-promoting
temperatures
- Evaporative cooling
- Heat accumulation
- 11.2.3 Protection from rain, hail and wind
- 11.2.4 Light modification and other microclimatic considerations
- 11.3 Orchard Covers
- 11.3.1 Types of covers
- 11.3.2 Varieties, rootstocks and training systems for covered orchards
- 11.4 Effects of Orchard Covers
on Fruit Production
- 11.4.1 Flowering and fruit set
- 11.4.2 Yield and fruit size
- 11.4.3 Fruit cracking and shelf-life
- 11.4.4 Fruit sugar, organic acids, acidity, firmness and stem quality
- 11.4.5 Fruit colour and human health compounds
- 11.5 Effects of Orchard Covers
on Insects and Diseases
- 11.5.1 Beneficial insects
- 11.5.2 Insect and other arthropod pests
- 11.5.3 Diseases
- 11.6 Research Needs, Trends and Outlook
- References
- 12: Morphology, Cropping Physiology and Canopy Training
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Canopy Growth and Fruiting Habit
- 12.2.1 Precocious canopy structure, leaf, flower bud and fruit development
- 12.2.2 Seasonal growth and fruit developmental timeline
- 12.3 Canopy Photosynthesis and Carbon Distribution
- 12.3.1 Canopy and fruit photosynthesis
- 12.3.2 Source–sink relations: storage reserves, leaves and fruit
- Importance of storage reserves
- Importance of leaf area and C translocation patterns
- Fruit as a sink
- Shoot extension growth as sink and source
- Source and sink limitations
- Sink and source manipulation
- 12.4 Canopy Management
- 12.4.1 Structural establishment
- 12.4.2 Structural maintenance
- 12.4.3 Crop load management
- Scion/rootstock productivity potential
- Climatic conditions
- Crop load management during orchard development and maturation
- Plant growth regulator use for crop load management
- Precision crop load management and orchard cropping records
- 12.5 Canopy Architectures and Training Systems
- 12.5.1 Multi-dimensional/self-supported systems
- Single-leader canopies
- Multiple-leader canopies
- 12.5.2 Planar/trellised systems
- Single-leader planar canopies
- Multiple-leader planar canopies
- 12.5.3 Cultivar and rootstock genotype influence on training system
- 12.5.1 Multi-dimensional/self-supported systems
- 12.6 Future Research Trends and Needs
- References
- 13: Invertebrate and Vertebrate Pests: Biology and Management
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Description, Biology, Significance and Management of Cherry Pests
- 13.2.1 European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L.)
- Distribution
- Host range
- Life cycle
- Damage
- Ecology and management
- 13.2.2 Spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura)
- Distribution
- Host range
- Life cycle
- Damage
- Ecology and management
- 13.2.3 Plum scale, Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Fonscolombe)
- Distribution
- Host range
- Life cycle
- Damage
- Ecology and management
- 13.2.4 Black cherry aphid (cherry blackfly), Myzus cerasi (Fabricius)
- Distribution
- Host range
- Life cycle
- Damage
- Ecology and management
- 13.2.5 Summer fruit tortrix moth (reticulated tortrix), Adoxophyes orana (Fischer von Röslerstamm)
- Distribution
- Host range
- Life cycle
- Damage
- Ecology and management
- 13.2.6 Fruit-tree tortrix moth (great brown twist moth), Archips podana (Scopoli)
- Distribution
- Host range
- Life cycle
- Damage
- Ecology and management
- 13.2.7 Rose tortrix moth (European leaf roller), Archips rosana (L.)
- Distribution
- Host range
- Life cycle
- Damage
- Ecology and management
- 13.2.8 Eye-spotted bud moth (apple bud moth), Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermüller)
- Distribution
- Host range
- Life cycle
- Damage
- Ecology and management
- 13.2.9 European winter moth (common winter moth), Operophtera brumata (L.)
- Distribution
- Host range
- Life cycle
- Damage
- Ecology and management
- 13.2.10 Fruit-tree red spider mite (European red mite), Panonychus ulmi (Koch)
- Distribution
- Host range
- Life cycle
- Damage
- Ecology and management
- 13.2.11 Cherry leaf miner (apple leaf miner), Lyonetia clerkella (L.)
- Distribution
- Host range
- Life cycle
- Damage
- Ecology and management
- 13.2.12 Cherry-stone weevil, Anthonomus rectirostris (L.)
- Distribution
- Host range
- Life cycle
- Damage
- Ecology and management
- 13.2.13 Plum leaf-curling midge, Dasineura tortrix (Loew)
- Distribution
- Host range
- Life cycle
- Damage
- Ecology and management
- 13.2.14 Cherry slug sawfly (cherry slug, pear sawfly, pear slug, pear and cherry slug sawfly), Caliroa cerasi (L.)
- Distribution
- Host range
- Life cycle
- Damage
- Ecology and management
- 13.2.15 North American cherry fruit fly (eastern cherry fruit fly), Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew)
- Distribution
- Host range
- Life cycle
- Damage
- Ecology and management
- 13.2.16 White peach scale (peach scale, white scale, West India peach scale), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti)
- Distribution
- Host range
- Life cycle
- Damage
- Ecology and management
- 13.2.17 Additional minor pests
- 13.2.1 European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L.)
- 13.3 Critical Overview of Current Pest Management Approaches: Advantages and Limitations
- 13.3.1 Intense production: conventional management
- Fruit flies
- Aphids
- Scale insects
- Leaf rollers and caterpillars
- Spider mites
- 13.3.2 Ecologically oriented production
- 13.3.1 Intense production: conventional management
- 13.4 Trends, Challenges and New Directions in Cherry Pest Management
- 13.4.1 Global warming and impacts on cherry pest dislocations and management
- 13.4.2 Trends, challenges and IPM approaches
- Strategy of pesticide use versus pest biology and pesticide residue compliance
- Evolution of spatial orchard structure and tree canopy size
- Evolution of fruit size, colour and sugar content
- Phenology, dynamics of fruit growth and maturation
- IPM prospects
- ‘Virtual farm’ concept and site-focused IPM modelling
- Automated pest surveillance and decision-making systems
- References
- 15: Bacterial Diseases
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 Crown Gall
- 15.2.1 Disease description
- 15.2.2 Pathogen
- 15.2.3 Control
- 15.3 Bacterial Canker
- 15.3.1 Disease description
- 15.3.2 Pathogen description
- 15.3.3 Control
- 15.4 Bacterial Leaf Spot (Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni)
- 15.4.1 Disease description
- 15.4.2 Pathogen
- 15.4.3 Control
- 15.5 Other Diseases
- 15.5.1 Cherry leaf scorching associated with Xylella fastidiosa
- 15.5.2 Fire blight
- References
- 16: Viruses, Viroids, Phytoplasmas and Genetic Disorders of Cherry
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 Viruses Spread by Cherry Pollen and/or Seeds
- 16.2.1 Cherry leaf roll virus
- 16.2.2 Epirus cherry virus
- 16.2.3 Prune dwarf virus
- 16.2.4 Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
- 16.3 Viruses Spread by Airborne Vectors
- 16.3.1 Cherry mottle leaf virus
- 16.3.2 Little cherry virus 1 and little cherry virus 2
- 16.3.3 Plum pox virus
- 16.4 Viruses Spread by Soil/Soil-borne Vectors
- 16.4.1 Cherry rasp leaf virus
- 16.4.2 Tomato ringspot virus
- 16.5 Viruses with No Known Vector
- 16.5.1 American plum line pattern virus
- 16.5.2 Cherry green ring mottle virus
- 16.5.3 Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus and cherry rusty mottle virus
- 16.5.4 Cherry twisted leaf associated virus
- 16.5.5 Carnation Italian ringspot virus/Petunia asteroid mosaic virus/tomato bushy stunt virus
- 16.6 Viruses that Infect Cherry with No Obvious Related Symptoms
- 16.6.1 Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus
- 16.6.2 Other viruses
- 16.7 Viroids Infecting Cherry
- 16.7.1 Peach latent mosaic viroid
- 16.7.2 Hop stunt viroid
- 16.7.3 Apple scar skin viroid
- 16.8 Phytoplasmas Infecting Cherry
- 16.8.1 European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma
- 16.8.2 X-disease group phytoplasmas (16SrIII)
- 16.8.3 Aster yellows group phytoplasmas (16SrI)
- 16.8.4 Elm yellows group phytoplasmas (16SrV)
- 16.8.5 Other phytoplasmas reported to infect cherry
- 16.9 Virus-like Diseases of Cherry with Unknown Aetiology
- 16.9.1 Cherry freckle fruit
- 16.9.2 Cherry rusty spot
- 16.9.3 Cherry short stem
- 16.9.4 Cherry stem pitting
- 16.9.5 Spur cherry
- 16.10 Disorders of Cherry Attributed to Genetic Abnormalities
- 16.10.1 Cherry crinkle leaf
- 16.10.2 Cherry deep suture
- 16.10.3 Cherry variegated leaf
- 16.10.4 Sour cherry rosette
- 16.10.5 Sour cherry leaf constriction
- References
- 17: Fruit Chemistry, Nutritional Benefits and Social Aspects of Cherries
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 Fruit Chemistry
- 17.2.1 Total soluble solids
- 17.2.2 Titratable acidity
- 17.2.3 Maturation index
- 17.2.4 Volatile compounds
- 17.3 Nutritional Composition
- 17.3.1 Water
- 17.3.2 Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
- 17.3.3 Sugars
- 17.3.4 Organic acids
- 17.3.5 Minerals
- 17.3.6 Vitamins
- 17.4 Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity
- 17.4.1 Carotenoids
- 17.4.2 Phenolic compounds
- Phenolic acids
- Flavonoids
- 17.4.3 Indolamines
- 17.4.4 Antioxidant activity
- 17.5 Preharvest Factors Affecting Quality and Nutritional Compounds
- 17.5.1 Influence of cultivar
- 17.5.2 Temperature and light intensity
- 17.5.3 Ripening stage
- 17.5.4 Preharvest treatments
- 17.6 Postharvest Factors Affecting Quality and Nutritional Compounds
- 17.7 Medicinal, Traditional (Folk) and Other Usage
- 17.8 Conclusions
- References
- 18: Fruit Harvest Methods and Technologies
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 Harvest Maturity
- 18.3 Hand Harvest for Fresh Market Sweet Cherries
- 18.4 Innovations in Mechanical Harvest for Fresh Market Sweet Cherries
- 18.4.1 Engineering considerations for mechanical harvest
- Prototype full-tree harvest technology
- Prototype partial-tree harvest technology
- 18.4.2 Horticultural considerations for mechanical harvest
- Canopy architecture
- Pedicel–fruit retention force
- Marketability of mechanically harvested fruit
- 18.4.1 Engineering considerations for mechanical harvest
- 18.5 Innovations in Mechanical Harvest for Processed Sour Cherries
- 18.5.1 Engineering considerations for OTR mechanical harvest
- 18.5.2 Tree considerations for OTR mechanical harvest
- References
- 19: Postharvest Biology and Handling for Fresh Markets
- 19.1 Introduction
- 19.2 Physiology of Fruit Growth and Maturation
- 19.3 Postharvest Characteristics of Sweet Cherry Fruit
- 19.3.1 Fruit quality traits and market requirements
- 19.3.2 Cultivar traits relative to postharvest performance
- 19.4 Postharvest Deterioration
- 19.4.1 Softening
- 19.4.2 Decay
- 19.4.3 Dehydration
- 19.4.4 Surface pitting
- 19.4.5 Pebbling
- 19.5 Postharvest Handling and Packaging
- 19.5.1 Harvest index
- 19.5.2 Packing line operation
- 19.5.3 Modified-atmosphere packaging
- 19.5.4 Cooling operations
- Hydrocooling
- Forced-air cooling
- Room cooling
- Packing house water sanitation
- 19.5.5 Quarantine treatments
- 19.5.6 Long-distance marine transport
- 19.6 Outlook and Challenges
- References
- 20: Processing for Industrial Uses
- 20.1 Introduction
- 20.2 Raw Fruit Quality
- 20.2.1 Characterization of raw fruit quality and cultivar variation
- 20.2.2 Causes of variation in quality
- 20.2.3 Preservation and loss of quality
- 20.2.4 Dealing with toxins: amygdalin and cyanide risk
- 20.3 Preprocessing Operations
- 20.3.1 Cleaning, sorting and advanced grading of raw fruit by quality
- 20.3.2 Stone removal
- 20.4 Processing into Products
- 20.4.1 Matching cultivars and raw fruit quality to product type and high-value products
- 20.4.2 IQF fruit
- 20.4.3 Fruit juice, nectars and concentrates
- 20.4.4 Marmalade, jam, jelly, compote, fruit sauce and puree
- 20.4.5 Canned and brined fruit
- 20.4.6 Dried fruit products and processes
- 20.4.7 Fruit wine, liqueurs and brandy
- 20.4.8 Exploitation of side streams: extraction of ingredients
- References
- Index
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