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"This book provides a comprehensive review of fig growing from a scientific and horticultural perspective, covering botany, production, processing, health, and industrial uses"--.

• Cover
• The Fig Botany, Production and Uses
• Copyright
• Contents
• Contributors
• About the Editors
• Preface
• 1 History, Archaeology and Culture
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Etymology
  • 1.3 Domestication, Dispersal and Archaeological Evidence of the Fig
  • 1.4 Fig in Ancient Egypt
  • 1.5 At the Beginnings of Civilization: The Fig in Neolithic Levant and East Mediterranean
  • 1.6 The Role of the Phoenicians: Figs in Greece and West Mediterranean in the Iron Age
  • 1.7 The Fig in Roman Culture
  • 1.8 The Fig Tree in the Holy Books
    • Quran (Koran)
  • Notes
  • References
• 2 Taxonomy, Botany and Physiology
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Origin, Distribution and Habitat
  • 2.3 Taxonomy and Systematics
    • Phylogeny
      • Distinguishing features of F. carica
  • 2.4 Cytology
  • 2.5 Horticultural Classification
    • Domesticated fig or female fig
    • Caprifig or male fig
  • 2.6 Germplasm collection and conservation
  • 2.7 Botany
    • Tree habit
    • Root system
    • Stem wood and bark
    • Buds
    • Leaves
      • Leaf morphology
      • Leaf anatomy
    • Latex cells
    • Inflorescence
    • Flowers
    • Pollen and germination
    • Pollinator and pollination
    • Caprification and impacts on fruit set
    • Seed morphology and germination
    • Fruit
    • Parthenocarpy
  • 2.8 Phenology and reproductive Biology
    • Phenology
    • Phenology of F. carica in naturally growing conditions
      • Syconium development in caprifig trees
      • Syconium development in female fig trees
    • Phenology of Common-type figs
    • Reproductive biology
  • 2.9 Growth and Reproductive Physiology
    • Floral induction and fruit growth
    • Fruit maturation and postharvest physiology
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 3 Production and Growing Regions
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 The Fig in the Northern Hemisphere
    • Turkey
    • Egypt
    • Morocco
    • Iran
    • Algeria
    • Spain
    • Syrian Arab Republic
    • United States
    • Tunisia
    • Afghanistan
    • Albania
    • Greece
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Azerbaijan
    • Italy
    • Libya
    • Mexico
    • Portugal
  • 3.3 The Fig in the Southern Hemisphere
    • Brazil
    • Peru
    • Colombia
    • South Africa
    • Argentina
    • Chile
    • Australia
  • References
• 4 Biodiversity, Germplasm Resources and Breeding Methods
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Biodiversity and Germplasm Resources
  • 4.3 Reproductive Biology of Ficus carica
  • 4.4 Breeding History
  • 4.5 Breeding Programmes
    • Breeding criteria
    • Criteria for rootstock improvement
    • Characters related to the tree
  • 4.6 Breeding Techniques
    • Cross-breeding
    • Interspecific hybridization
    • Mutation breeding
    • Ploidy manipulation
    • Marker-assisted selection (MAS)
    • Genomic selection
    • Genetics and genomics
    • Genetic transformation
    • Genome editing
  • 4.7 Future Perspectives
  • References
• 5 World Fig Cultivars
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Fig Types
  • 5.3 Fig Cultivars in the Northern Hemisphere
    • Turkey
    • Egypt
    • Morocco
    • Algeria
    • Iran
    • Syria
    • Spain
    • United States of America
    • Tunisia
    • Albania
    • India
    • China
    • Greece
    • Portugal
    • Japan
    • Italy
    • Mexico
    • France
  • 5.4 Fig Cultivars in the Southern Hemisphere
    • Brazil
    • Peru
    • South Africa
    • Argentina
    • Chile
    • Australia
  • 5.5 Characteristics of Important Fig Cultivars
    • ‘Sarilop’; syns. ‘Lob Injir’ or ‘Ingir’, ‘Erbeyli’, ‘Calimyrna’ and ‘Aidin’
    • ‘Bursa Siyahi’, ‘Bursa Black’
    • ‘Beyaz Orak’
    • ‘El Messari’
    • ‘Lambdar Labiadh’ and ‘Lambdar Lakhal’
    • ‘El Koté’
    • ‘Azendjar’
    • ‘Thaâmriwt’
    • ‘Bakkor Biadh’ (syns. ‘Amazigh’ and ‘Abakour Amellal’)
    • ‘Bakkor Khal’
    • ‘Sabz’
    • ‘Shah Anjir’
    • ‘Siah’
    • ‘Meshki’
    • ‘Al-Osaili’
    • ‘Tamouzi’
    • ‘Khudeiri’
    • ‘Calabacita’
    • ‘Albac’ (syns.: ‘Colar’, ‘Cuello Dama Negro’, ‘Mission’, ‘Franciscana’)
    • ‘Cuello Dama Blanco’ (syns.: ‘Kadota’, ‘Dottato’, ‘Ottato’)
    • ‘Mission’ (syns. ‘Black Mission’, ‘California Black’, ‘Franciscana’ and ‘Negra’)
    • ‘Brown Turkey’
    • ‘Sierra’
    • ‘King’ (‘Desert King’)
    • ‘Excel’
    • ‘Panachee’ (Tiger Fig)
    • ‘Zidi’
    • ‘Bouholi’
    • ‘Soltani’
    • ‘Bither Abiadh’ and ‘Bither Akhal’
    • ‘Bayoudhi’
    • ‘Kraps i ZI’
    • ‘Shqau’
    • ‘Rotllar’
    • ‘Kallamata’
    • ‘Poona’
    • ‘Bojihong’
    • ‘Qingpi’
    • ‘Xinjiang Huang’
    • ‘Kalamon’
    • ‘Kymis’
    • ‘Vasilika Mellisi’
    • ‘Vasilika Mavra’
    • ‘Masui Dauphine’
    • ‘Houraishi’
    • ‘Brunswick’
    • ‘Toyomitsuhime’
    • ‘Dottato’ (‘Kadota’)
    • ‘Petrelli’ (S. Giovanni, S. Antonio, Columbro)
    • ‘Tauro’ (Minghtaur, Domenico Tauro)
    • ‘Violette de Solliès’ (‘Parisienne’, ‘Bourjasotte Noire’, ‘Barnisotte’)
    • ‘Col de Dame Noire’ (‘Coll de Senyora Negra’, ‘Cuello de Dama Negra’, ‘Figues des Dames’, ‘Pera’, ‘Fraga’)
    • ‘Grise de Saint-Jean’ (‘Cotignane’, ‘Observantine’, ‘Grisette’, ‘Cordelière’, ‘Grisette de Montpellier’, ‘Coucourelle grise’, ‘Célestine’, ‘Capoutchin’ and ‘Mestissegrise’)
    • ‘Ronde de Bordeaux’
    • ‘Roxo-de-Valinhos’
    • ‘Negrito’
    • ‘Pingo de Mel’
    • ‘Parisian’ or ‘Evita’ (‘Violette de Solliès’, ‘Parisienne’, ‘Bourjasotte Noir’, ‘Barnisotte Noir’, ‘Brogiotto Nero’, ‘Negro Largo’)
    • ‘Tangier’
    • ‘Cosmic’
    • ‘Spen’
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 6 Propagation Techniques and Nursery Management
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Propagation Techniques
    • Seedlings
    • Cutting
    • Hardwood cutting
    • Bud or tip cuttings
    • Apical cuttings in lopping management
    • Herbaceous (softwood) cutting
    • Semi-hardwood cutting
    • Aerial root-cutting
    • Rooting induction with artificial auxins
    • Layering
    • Air layering
    • Stem layering
    • Grafting and budding
    • Budding
    • Softwood grafting
    • Cutting-grafting
    • Tissue culture
    • Meristem culture
    • Somatic embryogenesis
    • Encapsulation of explants
  • 6.3 Producing Rootstocks From Seeds
    • Seed extraction
    • Seed dormancy
    • Seed germination
    • Seedling propagation
    • Transplanting
    • Grafting seedlings
  • 6.4 Nursery Management
    • Production of nursery trees by cuttings
    • Soilless cultivation
  • 6.5 Rootstock
    • Graft compatibility of wild Ficus species
    • Rootstocks for drought stress
    • Rootstocks with resistance to Ceratocystis canker
    • Rootstocks for root-knot nematode and soil sickness
  • 6.6 Future Perspectives
  • References
• 7 Environmental Requirements and Site Selection
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Temperature
    • Growing season temperatures
    • Dormant season temperatures
    • Chilling requirement
  • 7.3 Light
  • 7.4 Topography and Elevation
  • 7.5 Water Availability and Quality
  • 7.5 Wind
  • 7.6 Rain and humidity
  • 7.7 Soil Properties
    • Salinity
  • 7.8 Greenhouse and High-tunnel Production
    • Location
    • Topography
    • Soil
    • Water availability and quality
    • Greenhouse factors
    • Economic factors
  • Conclusions
  • References
• 8 Orchard Establishment and Management
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Site Selection
  • 8.3 Cultivar and Rootstock Selection
    • Rootstocks
  • 8.4 Orchard Design
    • High-density fig orchards
  • 8.5 Land Preparation Before ­Planting (Site Preparation)
  • 8.6 Irrigation System Selection and Installation
  • 8.7 Planting and Young Tree Care
    • High-density precision orchard planting
    • Young tree training
    • Mature tree pruning
    • Spring tipping to advance maturity
    • Pruning caprifig trees
    • Rejuvenation pruning
    • Girdling
  • 8.8 Orchard Floor Management
    • Mulching
    • Tillage
    • Irrigation
  • 8.9 Fertilization
  • 8.10 Caprification Management
  • 8.11 Harvesting
    • Expansion of fruit harvesting season in tropical and subtropical climate (case of Mexico)
    • Techniques to extend the harvest period
  • 8.12 Fig Cultivation in Japan
    • Cultivation history and commercial cultivars
    • Propagation
    • Establishing the field
    • Planting
    • Training and pruning
    • Irrigation and soil management
    • Pest control
    • Weed control
    • Meteorological damage
    • Protected fig cultivation in Japan
      • Heated greenhouse
      • Unheated greenhouse
      • Rain-shelter house: pipe frame structure
    • Site selection and orientation for greenhouses and tunnels
    • Cultivar and rootstock selection and planting in greenhouses and tunnels
      • Propagation techniques and nursery management
    • Irrigation
    • Pruning and training ‘Masui Dauphine’ (straight-line training)
    • ‘Houraishi’ (open-center training)
    • Temperature control: unheated greenhouse
    • Temperature control: heated greenhouse
    • Light control
    • Covering time and sprouting management in heated greenhouses
    • Period before harvest
    • During the harvesting season
    • Fertilization and soil management
  • 8.13 Rainfed Orchard Establishment and Management
    • Rainwater harvesting
    • Training and pruning rainfed trees
    • Rejuvenation pruning and thinning
    • Management of physiological disorders
      • Sunburn
      • Fruit splitting
      • Fruit drop
  • References
• 9 Fig Wasps and Pollination
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Pollinator Wasp and Other Organisms Associated with Ficus carica
  • 9.3 Pollination Biology of Wild Common Fig, Ficus carica in its Native Habitat
  • 9.4 Fig Crops and Pollination Biology of Cultivated Common Fig, Ficus carica, in its Native Range
  • 9.5 The History of Fig Cultivation and Pollination
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 10 Soil and Nutritional Requirements
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Nutrition
  • 10.3 Macronutrient
    • Nitrogen
    • Phosphorus
    • Potassium
    • Calcium
    • Magnesium
    • Sulfur
  • 10.4 Micronutrients
    • Iron
    • Zinc
    • Copper
    • Manganese
    • Boron
  • 10.5 Salinity and Sodicity
  • 10.6 Production Practices
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 11 Irrigation and Water Requirements
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Irrigating Fig Orchards
  • 11.3 Supplemental Irrigation of Rainfed Orchards
  • 11.4 Effects of Irrigation on Fig Tree Growth and Yield
    • Root length density
    • Yield
    • Fruit quality
    • Physiological parameters
  • 11.5 Irrigation Water Requirements of Figs
  • 11.6 Selection of Irrigation Method
    • Irrigation water quality
  • 11.7 Fertigation
  • References
• 12 Fungal, Bacterial and Nematode Diseases in Figs
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 Gall Diseases
    • Crown gall
    • Nectriella stem gall
  • 12.3 Leaf Diseases
    • Anthracnose
    • Bacterial leaf spot
    • Leaf blight
    • Leaf spot
    • Rust
  • 12.4 Fruit Diseases
    • Alternaria rot
    • Aspergillus mold
    • Endosepsis
    • Phytophthora fruit rot
    • Sclerotium blight
    • Smut
    • Soft rot
    • Sooty mold
    • Souring
  • 12.5 Limb Diseases
    • Botrytis limb blight
    • Branch wilt
    • Pink limb blight
  • 12.6 Canker Diseases
    • Bacterial canker
    • Ceratocystis canker
    • Diaporthe canker
  • 12.7 Root and Crown Diseases
    • Armillaria root rot
    • Phytophthora root rot
    • Rosellinia root and crown rot
  • 12.8 Nematodes
    • Plant Resistance.
    • Soil Solarization.
    • Sanitation.
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 13 Fig Viruses, Viroids and Phytoplasmas
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 Fig Mosaic Virus
  • 13.3 Fig badnavirus 1
  • 13.4 Fig Closterovirids
  • 13.5 Fig Fleck-associated Virus
  • 13.6 Fig Latent Virus 1
  • 13.7 Fig Cryptic Virus
  • 13.8 Viroids
  • 13.9 Phytoplasmas
  • 13.10 Control
  • References
• 14 Arthropod Pests of Fig and Their Management
  • 14.1 Introduction
  • 14.2 Lepidoptera
    • Fig leaf roller, Phycodes radiata Ochsenheimer (Lepidoptera: Brachodidae)
      • Management
    • Navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
      • Management
    • Fig tree skeletonizer moth/Fig leaf roller, Choreutis nemorana (Hübner, 1799) (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae)
      • Management
    • Fig tree moth, Ocnerogyia amanda (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
      • Management
  • 14.3 Coleoptera
    • Tropical fig borer or red spotted long horned beetle, Batocera rufomaculata DeGeer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
      • Management
    • Fig tree borer, Phryneta spinator (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
    • Driedfruit beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)
      • Driedfruit beetle: Carpophilus hemipterus (Linnaeus); Freeman sap beetle: Carpophilus freemani Dobson; Confused sap beetle: Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson
      • Management
    • Darkling ground beetle, Blapstinus fuliginosus Casey (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), commonly known as false wireworm
      • Management
    • Bark beetle, Hypocryphalus scabricollis (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
      • Management
    • Ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus bispinatus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
      • Management
    • Fig bark beetle, Hypoborus ficus (Erichson, 1836) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
  • 14.4 Hemiptera
    • Fig whitefly, Singhiella simplex (Singh) (Hemiptera: Aleurodidae)
      • Management
    • Fig psylla, Macrohomotoma gladiata (Kuwayama 1908) (Hemiptera: Psylloidea)
      • Management
    • Fig psylla, Homotoma ficus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Psylloidea)
    • Management
    • Other hemipteran insects
  • 14.5 Diptera
    • Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
      • Management
    • Other fruit flies
    • Vinegar flies, Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
      • Management
    • Other flies
    • Black fig fly, Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae)
      • Management
  • 14.6 Thysanoptera
    • Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
      • Management
  • 14.7 Hymenoptera
  • 14.8 Acari
    • Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
      • Management
    • Other mites
  • 14.9 Vertebrate Pests
    • Bird damage
    • Garden Warbler, Sylvia borin (Boddaert)
    • Rodents
  • References
• 15 Fig Fruit Maturity, Harvest Methods and Technologies
  • 15.1 Introduction
  • 15.2 Maturity Definition
  • 15.3 Fruit Growth and Development
    • Changes in fruit quality attributes
  • 15.4 Parthenocarpic and pollinated fig
  • 15.5 Genetic Differences for Ripening Among Cultivars
  • 15.6 Harvesting Time, Methods and Handling
    • Fresh fig
    • Dried fig
  • References
• 16 Postharvest Physiology and Physiological Disorders of Fresh Fig Fruits
  • 16.1 Introduction
  • 16.2 Fruit Ripening and Quality
  • 16.3 Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity
  • 16.4 Postharvest Challenges
  • 16.5 Postharvest Treatment of Fig Fruits
    • Postharvest handling
    • Fruit sorting and grading
    • Temperature management
    • Controlled atmosphere storage (CAS) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)
    • SO2 fumigation
    • MCP
  • 16.6 Emerging Technologies
    • Cold plasma technology
    • Chlorine dioxide
    • Edible coating
    • Biocontrol
  • 16.7 Fruit Cracking
  • 16.8 General Remarks
  • References
• 17 Processing and Industrialization
  • 17.1 Introduction
  • 17.2 Methods of Processing
  • 17.3 Fig Drying
  • 17.4 Methods of Drying
    • Sun drying
    • Solar drying
    • Oven drying
    • Osmotic dehydration
  • 17.5 More on Drying: Pre- and Post-drying Treatments
  • 17.6 Other Processing Methods
    • Freezing
    • Canning
    • Jelly
    • Jam
    • Powder
  • 17.7 Other Processed Fig Products
    • Syrup and paste
    • Achenes oil
    • Fruit latex
  • Conclusions
  • References
• 18 Fig and Health
  • 18.1 Introduction
  • 18.2 Nutrient Composition of Fresh and Dried Figs
    • Carbohydrates
    • Organic acids
    • Proteins
    • Vitamins
    • Fatty acids
    • Fiber
    • Minerals
  • 18.3 Phytochemicals in Fresh and Dried Figs
    • Phenolic compounds
    • Furanocoumarins
    • Volatile compounds
    • Phytosterols
    • Terpenoids
    • Carotenoids
  • 18.4 Functional Food Properties of Figs
  • 18.5 Health Benefits of Figs
    • Antihyperlipidemic and anti- cholesterolimic effects
    • Antidiabetic and antiobesogenic effects
    • Cardiovascular diseases
    • Anticancer effect
    • Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory
    • Antioxidant capacity
    • Bone health
    • Anticonstipation
    • Other health benefits
  • 18.6 Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses of Different Parts of the Fig Tree (Leaf, Shoot Bark and Latex)
    • Traditional medicinal uses
    • Modern medicinal uses (pharmacological activities)
    • Leaf and shoot bark
    • Latex
  • 18.7 Fig and Allergy
  • 18.8 Novel Products/Formulations and Future Trends
  • References
• 19 World Fig Market
  • 19.1 Introduction
  • 19.2 World Fig Production
    • Turkey
    • Egypt
    • Algeria
    • Morocco
    • Iran
  • 19.3. World Fig Consumption
  • 19.4. World Fig Trade
    • Fig exporting countries
    • Fig importing countries
  • 19.5. Competitiveness and Market Power in the World Fig Market
  • 19.6. Prioritizing Target Export Markets for Iran and Turkey
  • 19.7. Fig Export Standards
    • Dried fig quality standards
    • Fresh fig quality standards
  • References
• Index
• Cabi
• Back_Cover